No abstract

The electron microscopic alterations of the alveolar septum in advanced hemodynamin and alloxan-induced pulmonary edema were compared. Pulmonary edema was produced in anesthetized dogs by means of increased lefy atrial pressure and hemodilution and by allocan administration. Sections of pulmonary tissue from these dogs and similarly anesthetized controls were processed for and examined by light and electron microscopy. In the hemodynamic form of edema the interstitial fluid collects only in the collagen-containing portions of the septum. The endothelium, epithelium, their respective basement membranes and large portions of the air-blood barrier are unaffected. Alloxaninduced edema, in contrast, is characterized by degeneration of both endothelium and epithelium and by the appearance of fibrin within the alveoli. The hemodynamic type of pulmonary edema appears to result from an accentuation of the normal process of fluid exchange within the lung. Allocan-induced edema, on the other hand, is a pathologic process. The functional implications of these results are discussed.

Ideal points" would be found in only one tissue section each. Particles of finite size will be cut once or more depending on both their dimensions and the thickness of the sections. This represents a source of error in counting particles in tissue sections, which can be corrected with the above formula.

No abstract

No abstract

A B S T R A C T The relationship between right duct lymph flow and extravascular lung water was studied in 3 normal dogs and 15 dogs with pulmonary edema induced by a-naphthylthiourea (ANTU). Right Thus, in ANTU-induced pulmonary edema right duct

No abstract

Previous investigation of an animal model of diffuse granulomatous lung disease has shown that moderate hypoxia results in a dramatic fall in oxygen utilization and a rise in lactate production by the diseased lung (1-4). Newman and Naimark have found that severe hypoxia reduces palmitate incorporation by normal lung (5). Their study prompted us to test the effects of moderate hypoxia upon this metabolic activity in the model of granulomatous disease.Methods. Pulmonary granulomatous disease was produced by intravenous injection in dogs of 0.3 ml/kg complete Freund's adjuvant (Difco Laboratories, Detroit, Mich.) on 2 successive days (1). The dogs were studied 3-4 weeks after injection when the disease reaches its maximum extent. Eight normal and eight diseased dogs were studied according to an identical protocol. The dog breathed the appropriate gas mixture (FIO2 0.14-0.25) until he attained a steady level of ventilation. Five-tenths millicurie in 1.3 mg of crystalline [ l-14C]palmitic acid (New England Nuclear Corp . , Boston, Mass .) were then given intravenously. Arterial blood samples were collected from the femoral artery at 20, 40, and 60 min for measurement of oxygen and carbon dioxide tension and pH using an Instrumentation Laboratory blood gas analyzer. At 1 hr after administration of labeled palmitate, the dog was exsanguinated by transection of the femoral arteries.The lungs were promptly removed, weighed, and immersed in 2:l (v/v) chloroform-methanol at -20°, then homogenized, stirred, and filtered. The filtrate was washed with 0.37% KCl (20 m1/100 ml filtrate), centrifuged, and the supernatant was collected. The washing was repeated twice with 0.74 % KC1-chloroform-methanol solution in a volume ratio of 47 :3 :48 , respectively.The washed lipid extract was dried and redissolved with petroleum ether to a volume of 500 ml. This comprised the stock solution from which all subsequent analyses were made. Four milliliters of the stock solution were dried under nitrogen, redi,ssolved in chloroform, and put through ll)-cm Kimax columns containing 2 g of silicic acid (325 mesh). Three subsequent washings of 10 ml of methanol eluted the phospholipids which were collected in preweighed vials, dried under nitrogen, and reweighed. Total lipid recovery from the columns, as determined by radioactivity recovered, was 80 % for both the normal and diseased specimens.Additional aliquots of the stock solution were similarly prepared for counting and fractionation. Counting was done with a Packard Tri-Carb liquid scintillation counter. Separation was done by thin-layer chromatography with silica gel H, using chloroform-methanol-water-glacial acetic acid, 80:25:4:1 (v/v) as the solvent. The plates were stained with iodine vapor and the spots were scraped separately for counting. In addition, the fatty acid composition of phosphatidyl choline was determined in four diseased and four control specimens by gas chromatography.For autoradiographic studies two control and two diseased dogs were studied breathing room air accor...