The Commelina forskaolii Vahl (Commelinaceae) is an edible herb with wide therapeutic value. The present study aimed to explore the preliminary phytochemical screening, GC-MS spectrometry analysis, FTIR, and evaluate the antimicrobial activity of C. forskaolii Vahl leaves using various solvent extracts with different polarities tested for their inhibitory property against most prevalent aquatic pathogenic bacteria (Gram-positive and Gramnegative) and fungi by the agar diffusion method. The results of phytochemical and GC-MS analysis of the different solvent extracts revealed the occurrence of secondary metabolites and totally 35 biologically active compounds. The FTIR results confirmed the presence of alkanes, amines, alcohol, aryl disulfides, ethers, hydroxy group, vinylidene, chloro, bromo, and iodo compounds. The in vitro antimicrobial activity of five solvent extracts of C. forskaolii Vahl was investigated against Streptococcus agalactiae and Streptococcus iniae, Aeromonas hydrophila, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Vibrio cholerae, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus. Among all extracts, aqueous and chloroform extract showed maximum antibacterial activity against all bacterial pathogens based on the different concentrations, which inhibited in the range of 11 mm to 18 mm (aqueous), and 11 mm to 27 mm (chloroform) followed by inhibition range of other extracts 9 mm to 12 mm (ethanol), 11 mm to 23 mm (methanol), and 12 mm to 16 mm (acetone). In addition, the highest antifungal activity was reported in chloroform extract against Aspergillus niger and aqueous extract against Aspergillus flavus with inhibition of 16 mm followed by 17 mm at 75 µl concentration. In the present investigation, C. forskaolii Vahl leaves were examined and reported for the first time and the study suggests that leaves of C. forskaolii Vahl could be potentially used as a natural source of antimicrobial agents in aquaculture and fisheries industries.
The present study aimed to assess the antimicrobial activity of Hemidesmus indicus against aquatic pathogens. Hemidesmus indicus is a twining shrub with lactiferous branches that produces numerous bioactive compounds. Plant parts are commonly used in traditional medicine to treat a variety of diseases. A comparative evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of Hexane, Ethyl acetate, Ethanol and water extracts of leaf, stem ad root of the Hemidesmus indicus was tested against the aquatic pathogens including bacteria and fungi by standard agar well diffusion method. The results indicated that all the plant parts exhibited varying degrees of antimicrobial properties. However, among the selected parts the highest antimicrobial property was shown by root against the bacteria Streptococcus agalactiae (16 mm), Streptococcus iniae (12 mm), Aeromonas hydrophila (20 mm), Vibrio cholera (21 mm), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (19 mm), and the fungus Aspergillus niger (19 mm) and Candida albicans (15 mm). Whereas the ethyl acetate fractions of the leaf showed maximum inhibitory activity against aquatic pathogens next to the root and the aqueous extract of the stem exhibited strong inhibition against Vibrio cholera. The study confirmed that the ethyl acetate extract of the Hemidesmus indicus root has high antibacterial activity against fish pathogens meanwhile the ethanol extract exhibited high antifungal activity. The present investigation confirmed the efficacy of Hemidesmus indicus as a natural alternative to synthetic antibiotics making promising contributions to the field of drug discovery and tremendous scope in the field of aquaculture.
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