<p>The selection of a building superstructure framing is the result of many different factors. There are cost, constructability and physical constraints that govern a designer’s ability to utilize a particular material when laying out the framing for a new structure. The ability to achieve an architect’s and owners vision has to be woven into this decision-making process as well. The Krause Gateway Center in Des Moines Iowa</p><p>represented challenges that were not easily solved with one material or something previously seen in an office building. The plan layout, the extreme cantilevers and other geometric constraints demanded materials and options that are flexible and provide the opportunity to be built and modified in ways not</p><p>typically seen. Structural steel framing (after many rounds of test fits and studies of post tensioned concrete and other precast ides) was chosen for its ability to be built and designed to meet the needs of the building in ways other materials could not.</p>
Since communication has become an integral part of modem life, security and authentication have also become important issues for providing secure communication. In recent years, the issue of providing communication among a group of users has also been in the forefront, and multicasting has become a key technology for supporting such communication. This thesis researches the combination of multicasting and authentication, and proposes a new method for multicast authentication.First, the thesis discusses several multicast authentication schemes: (i) two authentication methods, public-key systems and Message Authentication Codes (MACs), and their relation to multicast authentication, and (ii) different views of multicast authentication, including digital streams, off-line computation, and using less secure but more efficient authentication algorithms.Then, the thesis proposes a scheme for multicast authentication based on a digital streams scheme, extended Fiege-Fiat-Shamir (eFFS), which is efficient and scalable. eFFS allows multiple levels of authentication, but sending these multiple levels may consume a lot of bandwidth. This research enhances eFFS (the enhanced scheme is called Modified eFFS, or MeFFS) by partitioning the receivers of a group to form several multicast subgroups, and sending different authentication levels to different subgroups. The performance enhancement of MeFFS, in terms of bandwidth savings, is quantified through simulation studies. Our studies show that MeFFS outperforms eFFS for multicast groups where the trees corresponding to the subgroups are highly disjoint. Finally, to make the scheme applicable to wide scenarios and to make the scheme scalable and easily deployable, some suggestions are made.
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