In severe and refractory cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction, levosimendan, added to current therapy, may contribute to improved survival compared with enoximone.

In CRT, AV-interval optimization based on CO values determined by IC correlates closely to those measured by transaortic flow DE. Impedance cardiography as an easy and cost-effective technique for AV-interval optimization is a promising alternative for routine management of heart failure patients on a beat-to-beat analysis during CRT follow-up.

The use of KT shortens hospital stay and reduces rates of pneumonia and pressure ulcers as compared to SC.

Device implantation in patients with PLSVC may be complex but a successful transvenous approach is possible in most of the cases. Careful imaging prior to implantation procedure is essential for understanding the individual anatomy and in order to choose adequate material and implantation strategy.

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