Purpose-Despite growing scholarly v interest in social entrepreneurs and the social enterprises which they create, few studies have examined the hybridity of social enterprises including, surprisingly, whether they adoption an entrepreneurial orientation (EO) One explanation for this may be the continuing lack of an appropriate scale measuring a social entrepreneurship orientation. This paper seeks to address this research gap by proposing an initial social entrepreneurship orientation (SEO) scale based on input from scholars in the fields of entrepreneurship and social entrepreneurship. Design/methodology/approach-This study presented employed mixed-methods and a two stage design. In stage one a Delphi study with 18 researchers with expertise of investigating entrepreneurship and social entrepreneurship was used to generate constructs combining aspects of both social and entrepreneurial orientations. In stage two, we assessed the face validity of the derived items from the Delphi study by conducting a survey with 82 such experts. Findings-The paper provides empirical insights into how SEO can be measured by proposing, for the first time, a 12-item scale with 4 dimensions that allows the measurement of a social entrepreneurship orientation for the first time. Research limitations/implications-We recommend that future studies employ quantitative methods, particularly with firms exhibiting differing levels of the 'socialness' dimension which we propose and that such studies involve a variety of research informants. Statistical analysis of data collected across large sample sizes will help evaluate the reliability and validity of the scale which we propose. Practical implications-The paper includes implications for future research based on the proposed social entrepreneurship orientation measurement scale. Originality/value-This paper develops the first SEO scale based on empirical data collected from experts in the fields of entrepreneurship and social entrepreneurship.

By integrating literature on family functionality, family firms, and socioemotional wealth (SEW), we develop a theoretical model explaining how family functionality and SEW dimensions influence firm innovativeness. Our multigroup structural equation model on two samples of family small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) shows that family functionality is positively linked to SEW, whereas divergences emerge on the effect of different SEW dimensions on innovativeness. Binding social ties, the emotional attachment of family members to the firm, and the renewal of family bonds through intrafamily succession positively affect family SME innovativeness, while identification of family members with the firm has a negative effect. By deepening current understanding of the role and functionality of controlling families as determinants of their propensity to preserve SEW and achieve innovativeness, our findings offer important implications for theory and practice, paving the way for future research on SEW and family firm innovation.

This study builds on previous research on information technology implementation and usage in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and applies a special focus on social networks. Specifically, this research investigates antecedents of social network usage in SMEs and respective performance outcomes. The results show that entrepreneurial orientation is positively related to social network usage in SMEs, whereas responsive market orientation shows no effect. Social network usage is not directly related to SME growth; yet it mediates the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and SME growth. Interestingly, large firms show the opposite effects regarding antecedents and performance-related consequences of social network usage.

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Researchers often struggle when applying 'golden rules of thumb' to evaluate structural equation models. This paper questions the notion of universal thresholds and calls for adjusted orientation points that account for sample size, factor loadings, the number of latent variables and indicators, as well as data (non-)normality. This research explores the need for flexible cutoffs and their accuracy in single-and two-index strategies. Study 1 reveals that many indices are biased; thus, rigid cutoffs can become imprecise. Flexible cutoff values are shown to compensate for the unique distorting patterns and prove to be particularly beneficial for moderate misspecification. Study 2 sheds further light on this 'gray' area of misspecification and disentangles the different sources of misspecification. Study 3 finally investigates the performance of flexible cutoffs for non-normal data. Having substantiated higher performance for flexible reference values, this paper provides to managers an easy-to-use tool that facilitates the determination of adequate cutoffs.