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Safety is often the result of a system's failure to operate properly, which, in turn, may have been caused by a fault in the system. This fault in the system may be a result of an error in the design or use of the system. One definition of “error” is “A mistake in engineering, requirement specification, or design, implementation, or operation which could result in a failure, and/or contributory hazard”. Faults are a static property, whereas a failure is a dynamic property of a system. Failures arise when the underlying fault is encountered in the normal execution of the system. One additional term, hazard , is necessary to fully define the domain of safety. A hazard may be defined as a set of conditions (state) of a system or object that together with other conditions in the environment will lead inevitably to an accident (loss event). Some definitions of hazard suggest that an accident is possible, but not a certainty; a “hazard” is a condition, which could directly or indirectly contribute to an accident. As in any new field, agreement on the terminology that best describes the elements used n the study of safety has been a slow and arduous process. Numerous definitions of error, fault, failure, and hazard exist. Often different definitions have been adopted to suit the industry or the system in which the terms are being used. Common to all of the definitions, however, is the idea of one or more causal agents leading to a potential loss. The study of such causes, their identification, and their mitigation in systems is referred to as system safety . Safety is inherently a human‐centered aspect of the system the role of human interaction is discussed Other characteristics that relate to safety include usability, maintainability, integrity, availability, reliability, and security. As noted in the previous section, issues of usability and maintainability directly relate to how human operators interact with a system. Integrity, availability, reliability, and security, while still possessing elements associated with human interaction, tend to be driven by the technical properties of the design. These include redundancy, error trapping, fault and threat monitoring, partitioning, strength of materials, load characteristics, and environmental susceptibility and are discussed. The assessment process and continuing safety are detailed.
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