More than 50% of all cancer patients receive radiation therapy. The clinical delivery of curative radiation dose is strictly restricted by the proximal healthy tissues. We propose a dual-targeting strategy using vessel-targeted-radio-sensitizing gold nanoparticles and conformal-image guided radiation therapy to specifically amplify damage in the tumor neoendothelium. The resulting tumor vascular disruption substantially improved the therapeutic outcome and subsidized the radiation/nanoparticle toxicity, extending its utility to intransigent or nonresectable tumors that barely respond to standard therapies.
Equilibrium condensation of solar gas is often invoked to explain the abundance of refractory elements in planets and meteorites. This is partly motivated, by the observation that the depletions in both the least and most refractory rare earth elements (REEs) in meteoritic group II calcium-aluminum–rich inclusions (CAIs) can be reproduced by thermodynamic models of solar nebula condensation. We measured the isotopic compositions of Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Dy, Er, and Yb in eight CAIs to test this scenario. Contrary to expectation for equilibrium condensation, we find light isotope enrichment for the most refractory REEs and more subdued isotopic variations for the least refractory REEs. This suggests that group II CAIs formed by a two-stage process involving fast evaporation of preexisting materials, followed by near-equilibrium recondensation. The calculated time scales are consistent with heating in events akin to FU Orionis– or EX Lupi–type outbursts of eruptive pre–main-sequence stars.
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