Dandruff is a chronic scalp disorder characterized by scaling and itching. A successful anti-dandruff shampoo not only has to provide superior anti-dandruff relief to ensure patient compliance. It also needs to offer excellent cosmetic and hair conditioning benefits at the same time. In this study, the efficacy of a shampoo containing 0.5% piroctone olamine and 0.45% climbazole (shampoo 1) was compared with a widely available commercial shampoo containing 1% zinc pyrithione (shampoo 2). In vitro studies investigating the anti-mycotic efficacy of a combination of 0.5% piroctone olamine and 0.45% climbazole as well as 1% zinc pyrithione were performed. To study substantivity, pig skin punches were used as a model system and a test of wet combability was performed to characterize combing ease. In vivo home-in-use studies were carried out to determine the efficacy of both shampoos to improve scalp condition and reduce itching in subjects suffering from moderate to severe dandruff. Results demonstrated a comparable anti-fungal effectiveness for 0.5% piroctone olamine plus 0.45% climbazole and 1% zinc pyrithione, respectively. Shampoo 1 showed a significantly higher anti-mycotics substantivity compared to shampoo 2. After treatment with shampoo 1, the wet combing force was significantly reduced compared with shampoo 2, suggesting a better combability following the use of shampoo 1. In an in vivo split head design study, shampoo 1 was shown to be equally effective in reducing the amount of dandruff on the scalp compared with shampoo 2. The approval rate of volunteers regarding the question 'The use of this shampoo decreases the itching of my scalp?' after a 4-week treatment with shampoo 1 equaled 90%. Overall, the shampoo formulation with 0.5% piroctone olamine and 0.45% climbazole effectively reduces the amount of dandruff and, at the same time, provides hair conditioning advantages.

In view of treatment effects of cosmetics, quality management becomes more and more important. Due to efficiency reasons it is desirable to quantify these effects and predict them as a function of time. For this, a mathematical model of the skin's surface (epidermis) is needed. Such a model cannot be worked out purely analytically. It can only be derived with the help of measurement data. The signals of interest as output of different measurement devices consist of two parts: noise of high (spatial) frequencies (stochastic signal) and periodic functions (deterministic signal) of low (spatial) frequencies. Both parts can be separated by correlation analysis.The paper introduces in addition to the Fourier Transform (FT) with the Wavelet Transform (WT), a brand new, highly sophisticated method with excellent properties for both modeling the skin's surface as well as evaluating treatment effects. Its main physical advantage is (in comparison to the FT) that local irregularities in the measurement signal (e.g. by scars) remain at their place and are not represented as mean square values as it is the case when applying the FT. The method has just now been installed in industry and will there be used in connection with a new in vivo measurement device for quality control of cosmetic products.As texture parameter for an integral description of the human skin the fractal dimension D is used which is appropriate for classification of different skin regions and treatment effects as well.

in Hamburg tätig, jetzt in der Bundeswehr. Die Gas-Pfad-Analyse ist ein nützliches Hilfsmittel bei der Modellbildung für Triebw erks-und Gasturbinen. Die Modelle werden zur zustandsbezogenen Diagnose dieser Maschinen verwendet. Bei einer Diagnose verfälschen oftmals Fehler der Meßsensoren die wahren Zustände der Anlagen. Die Detektion und Kompensation von Sensorfehlern ist daher eine wichtige Aufgabe im Bereich der Diagnose. Bei Triebwerken mit mehreren Arbeitspunkten wird das Problem modellbasiert gelöst; hierfür existieren bereits leistungsfähige Programmpakete. Bei Gasturbinen mit nur einem Arbeitspunkt ist ein wissensbasiertes Vorgehen erforderlich. Hierfür wurdeein Expertensystem entwickelt, weichesein Regelwerk verwendet, das die Unscharfen des Systems berücksichtigt. Dieses Expertensystem wird in dieser Arbeit vorgestellt. Seine Leistungsfähigkeit wird anhand einer in einem Wärmekraftwerk eingesetzten Gasturbine dargestellt. Knowledge-based sensor fault detection for gasturbines under consideration of uncrisp methodsGas path analysis is a useful aid in modelling for jet engines and gas turbines. The models are used to diagnose the condition of these machines. However, errors from the measuring sensors distort the true states of the equipment.The detection and compensation of sensor errors is thus an important task in the field of diagnosis. In jet engines with several working points the problem is solved by a model-based procedure; powerful software packages already exist for this purpose. A knowledge-based procedure is required for gas turbines with only one working point. To this end an expert system has been developed using a rule network which considers the uncertanties of the system. This expert system is to be presented in this paper. Its performance capabilities will be illustrated by means of a gas turbine used in a thermal power station.