Introduction ______________________________________________________ 2 Purpose and scope of investigation.______________________________ 2 Description of the area_____________________________________ 2 Location and population.___________________________________ 2 Economic development_____________________________________ 3 Topography and drainage.._________________________________ 3 Climate __________________________________________________ 4 Previous investigations. _ ________________________________ 4 Numbering system. ____________________________________________ 4 Acknowledgments _____________________________________________ Geologic formations and their water-bearing properties,________________ 6 Precambrian rocks_____________________________________________ Cambrian system. _____________________________________________ 12 Dresbach group ___________________________________________ 13 Eau Claire sandstone.__________________________________ Galesville sandstone__________ __________________________ Franconia sandstone _______________________________________ 14 Trempealeau formation..-_________________________________ Ordovician system.____________________________________________ Prairie du Chien group,____________________________________ St. Peter sandstone ________________________________________ Platteville formation and Galena dolomite.___________________ Maquoketa shale __________________________________________ Neda formation ___________________________________________ Silurian system._______________________________________________ Niagara dolomite__________________________________________ Quaternary system. ____________________________________________ Ground water.____________________________________________________ Source and occurrence. _________________________________________ Artesian conditions ________________________________________ 21 Water-table conditions _____________________________________ Recharge of ground water ______________________________________ Discharge of ground water_________________________________ Movement of ground water_____________________________________ Water levels and their significance-______________________________ Aquifer tests. _ ________________________________________________ Sandstones of Cambrian and Ordovician ages at Fond du Lac___ Analysis of data_______________________________________ Application of coefficients to past records-________________ Application of coefficients to future conditions.____________ Niagara dolomite._ ________________________________________ Specific capacity of wells_______________________________________ 41 Utilization of water____________________________________________ Domestic and stock supplies
Acre-foot: The quantity of water required to cover 1 acre to a depth of 1 foot; equal to 43,560 cubic feet or 325,851 gallons. Aquiclude: A formation which, although porous and capable of absorbing water slowly, will not transmit it fast enough to furnish an appreciable supply for a well or spring. Aquifer: A formation, or group of formations, or a part of a formation that is water bearing. Artesian water: The occurrence of ground water under sufficient hydrostatic head to rise above the upper surface of the aquifer. Base flow: Discharge entering stream channels as effluent from the ground-water reservoir; the fair-weather flow of streams. Color: Color, in water analysis, is an expression of the visual appearance of water completely free of suspended material. Color is expressed in units of the platinum-cobalt scale. Concentration: The weight of dissolved solids or sediment per unit weight of solution. Concentration is expressed in parts per million (ppm) a unit weight of a constituent in a million unit weights of solution. For chemical concentrations the computation is based on a million unit weights of clear solution containing water-dissolved solids; for sediment concentration it is based on the mixture of water-dissolved solids and sediment. Cubic feet per second: The discharge of a stream of rectangular cross section, 1 foot wide and 1 foot deep, whose velocity is 1 foot per second; equivalent to 448.8 gallons per minute. Climatic year: The 12-month period from April 1 to March 31. Cone of depression: A conical depression, on a water table or piezometric surface, produced by pumping. Direct runoff: The water that moves over the land surface directly to streams promptly after rainfall or snowmelt. Discharge, ground-water: The process by which water is removed from the zone of saturation ; also, the quantity of water removed. Diversion: The taking of water from a stream or other body of water into a canal, pipe, or other conduit. Evapotranspiration: Water withdrawn from a land area by direct evaporation from water surfaces and moist soil and by plant transpiration. Ground-water reservoir: An aquifer or a group of related aquifers. Ground-water runoff: That part of the streamflow which consists of water discharged into a stream channel by seepage from the ground-water reservoir; same as base flow. Head (hydrostatic head): The height of a vertical column of water, the weight of which, in a unit cross section, is equal to the hydrostatic pressure at a point. Hydraulic gradient: The rate of change of hydrostatic head per unit of distance of flow at a given point and in a given direction. VII VIII GLOSSARY Hydrograph : A graph, showing changes in stage, flow, velocity, or other aspect of water with respect to time. Mean annual flood: The arithmetic average of an infinitely long series of annual peak flows; the flood having a recurrence interval of 2.33 years. Part per million : One milligram of solute in 1 kilogram of solution.Perched ground water: Ground water separated from an underlying body of ground water by u...
The present report, based largely on fieldwork during 1959-61, describes the results of reconnaissance hydrogeologic studies and exploratory drilling to evaluate the general water-bearing properties of the rocks and the availability of groundwater supplies for irrigation, stock, and village uses in Al Marj area. These studies and the drilling were conducted under the auspices of the U.S. Operations Mission of the International Cooperation Administration. Al Marj area, located in the Province of Cyrenaica on the southern coast of the Mediterranean Sea, contains a land area of about 6,770 square kilometers. Along the Mediterranean shore is a narrow coastal plain that rises evenly to the base of an escarpment that forms the seaward front of an undulating plateau known as Al Jabal al Akhdar. The climate is semiarid; seasonal rainfall occurs during thewinter months. Owing to orographic effects, the rainfall is somewhat higher in the Jabal than in the coastal plain. The average annual rainfall ranges from about 250 millimeters in the coastal plain to 450 millimeters on the Jabal. All the streams (wadis) of the area are ephemeral and flow only in response to heavy rains of the winter season. From a drainage divide on the Jabal some streams flow north and northwest toward the sea and the others, south and southeast to the interior desert. Solution features, such as limestone sink holes, are common in the coastal plain and a large solution depression occurs near Al Marj. The rocks of Al Marj area consist predominantly of limestone and some sandstone and shale; they range from Cretaceous to Miocene age. On the coastal plain Miocene limestone is locally mantled by Quaternary alluvial, beach and lagoonal deposits. The Miocene and older beds have a regional southerly dip. These rocks are broken by northeast-trending normal faults in the coastal and inland escarpments. The groundwater reservoir is contained chiefly in fractures, bedding planes, and solution openings in the limestone country rock. The upper limit of this reservoir is marked by a water table which generally lies within 40 meters of the land surface in the coastal plain but is 100 meters or more below the surface of most of the Jabal and the interior desert. The groundwater reservoir is replenished chiefly by infiltration from surface-water runoff in wadis and to less extent by direct infiltration of rainfall. Ground water moves north and northwest toward the Mediterranean Sea and south toward the interior desert from a groundwater divide near the crest of Al Jabal al Akhdar. Discharge of ground Al A2 HYDROLOGY OF AFRICA AND THE MEDITERRANEAN REGION water takes place by submarine outflow, spring flow, evapotranspiration, and withdrawals from wells. Wells, springs, and cisterns furnish almost all water supplies for municipal, village, stock and irrigation purposes. Bengasi, Al Marj, and Al Abyar are the only centers of population with municipal distribution systems. Drafts from individual dug wells used for irrigation in the coastal plain generally are no more tha...
The Ainsworth unit, so named by the U. S. Bureau of Reclamation, is in northcentral Nebraska and is in the drainage basin of the Niobrara River. It is an area of about 1,000 square miles in the east-central part of Cherry County and northern part of Brown County. The east-west length of the area is about 60 miles and the width ranges from 9 to 21 miles. About 80 percent of the area consists of grass-covered sandhills; the remainder is the Ainswortb tableland, which is flat to gently rolling farmland between Plum and Long Pine Creeks in the eastern part of the area. The average annual precipitation is about 23 inches. Although most of the crops are raised by dry-farming methods, some farmland is irrigated with water pumped from wells. The U. S. Bureau of Reclamation has proposed to irrigate much of the Ainsworth tableland with surface water to be stored in a reservoir on the Snake River at the west border of the Ainsworth unit. The rocks exposed in the Ainsworth unit range in age from Tertiary (Pliocene) to Quaternary (Recent). The Ogallala formation of Pliocene age is exposed along the lower part of the Snake River valley and underlies the entire Ainsworth unit. It is composed of silt, sand, and gravel, and contains layers of sandstone and conglomerate, much of which is crossbedded and cemented with lime; coarser sediments generally are more prominent in the lower part. Overlying the Ogallala formation are deposits of Pleistocene age consisting in part of layers of saturated sand and gravel which are the most important sources of ground water in the Ainsworth unit. Throughout most of the area the ground water is under watertable conditions, but locally it is confined by lenses of clay or silty clay. Some wells tap only the sand and gravel of Pleistocene age, some tap both the deposits of Pleistocene age and the underlying Ogallala formation, and some tap only the Ogallala formation; no wells are known to extend into rocks older than the Ogallala. Dune sand mantles the deposits of Pleistocene age in about 80 percent of the Ainsworth unit and a thin deposit of loess covers the surface elsewhere. Terrace deposits border the flood plain of the principal streams, and alluvium underlies the flood plain of most of the stream valleys in the area. Precipitation and underflow from the southwest are the principal sources of the ground water in the Ainsworth unit. As most of the precipitation in the sandhills evaporates, is utilized by growing plants, or penetrates to the zone of saturation, the overland runoff from this part of the area is small. In the vicinity of Ainsworth a minor amount of recharge probably is derived from the return of irrigation water pumped from wells. Where the water table is near the surface in the valleys of the sandhills, ground water is discharged directly from the zone of saturation to the atmosphere by evapotranspiration; and, as the surface of the lakes in the sandhills area is an extension of the water table, evaporation from the lake surface also constitutes groundwater discharge. In additio...
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
customersupport@researchsolutions.com
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.