The availability of intra-arterial hepatic therapies (radio and/or chemo-embolisation, intra-arterial hepatic chemotherapy) has convinced radiologists to perfect their knowledge of the anatomy of the liver arteries. These sometimes, complex procedures most often require selective arterial catheterization. Knowledge of the different arteries in the liver and the peripheral organs is therefore essential to optimize the procedure and avoid eventual complications. This paper aims to describe the anatomy of the liver arteries and the variants, applying it to angiography images, and to understand the implications of such variations in interventional radiological procedures.

The liver segmentation system, described by Couinaud, is based on the identification of the three hepatic veins and the plane passing by the portal vein bifurcation. Nowadays, Couinaud's description is the most widely used classification since it is better suited for surgery and more accurate for the localisation and monitoring of intra-parenchymal lesions. Knowledge of the anatomy of the portal and venous system is therefore essential, as is knowledge of the variants resulting from changes occurring during the embryological development of the vitelline and umbilical veins. In this paper, the authors propose a straightforward systematisation of the liver in six steps using several additional anatomical points of reference. These points of reference are simple and quickly identifiable in any radiological examination with section imaging, in order to avoid any mistakes in daily practice. In fact, accurate description impacts on many diagnostic and therapeutic applications in interventional radiology and surgery. This description will allow better preparation for biopsy, portal vein embolisation, transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt, tumour resection or partial hepatectomy for transplantation. Such advance planning will reduce intra- and postoperative difficulties and complications.

Some troublesome weeds such as Ambrosia artemisiifolia have led farmers to adopt herbicide‐tolerant varieties (HTVs) in cultivated sunflower fields. Agricultural practices associated with the use of HTVs have raised concerns among public authorities, prompting the recommendation to monitor the potential effects of HTVs on biodiversity. In this context, we surveyed the vegetation of 239 sunflower fields and their margins in three French regions between 2017 and 2019, with a specific focus on A. artemisiifolia. We collected information on 21 explanatory variables covering agricultural practices, landscape factors, and spatiotemporal data. Herbicide‐tolerant varieties fields were associated with lower weed diversity but similar field margin community diversity. This lower weed diversity can be attributed to the greater use of herbicides and shorter crop rotations, whereas landscape factors may be more important for the diversity in field margins. Conventional fields with traditional varieties showed lower abundance of A. artemisiifolia compared with organic fields and HTV fields. A. artemisiifolia abundance was higher in the most infested region, in fields with a high proportion of sunflower crops in the crop rotation, late sowing dates, high numbers of hoeing operations, and high numbers of post‐emergence treatments. We interpreted the association of hoeing and HTV use with a high abundance of A. artemisiifolia as a response to weed infestation rather than its cause. In conclusion, no unintended effects of HTVs were found in field margins, but practices associated with HTVs lead to lower weed community diversity and HTV fields had still high A. artemisiifolia abundance after weed control.

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