The usage of biostimulants in agriculture has been steadily increasing in recent years, and their benefits have been recognised by growers. The growing interest from industry has led to a boom in the number of products on the market, many of which are derived from a diverse range of sources such as microbials, plant extracts, hydrolysed amino acids and algal extracts. However, there has been a slower recognition of the biostimulant sector by the scientific community. This has been a result of limited fundamental research into the modes of action of many biostimulant products and the speed at which new multi‐compound products have entered the market. In this study, we have developed a readily reproducible bioassay using the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana to test biostimulant efficacy under drought conditions and assess any chemical priming action. We have screened three products with biostimulant action derived from amino acids (Delfan Plus), Ascophyllum nodosum extract (Phylgreen) or potassium phosphite (Trafos K). Under a progressive soil drought condition, we measured changes in plant growth, biochemical content and gene expression levels. Our results demonstrated biostimulant‐mediated drought tolerance, with the products requiring different application timings for successful stress mitigation. The analysis of the biochemical and gene expression changes provided evidence of chemical priming action when plants were pre‐treated with biostimulants prior to the drought stress exposure.
Article 25fa states that the author of a short scientific work funded either wholly or partially by Dutch public funds is entitled to make that work publicly available for no consideration following a reasonable period of time after the work was first published, provided that clear reference is made to the source of the first publication of the work.This publication is distributed under The Association of Universities in the Netherlands (VSNU) 'Article 25fa implementation' project. In this project research outputs of researchers employed by Dutch Universities that comply with the legal requirements of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act are distributed online and free of cost or other barriers in institutional repositories. Research outputs are distributed six months after their first online publication in the original published version and with proper attribution to the source of the original publication.
(Fig. 1A). Glucose (125.1% ± 5.5; P <0.001) and fructose (124.8% ± 5.4; P 61 <0.001) also triggered an elevated level of serotonin-triggered stylet thrusting in 62 treated juveniles; xylose failed to trigger any significant response (99.36% ± 10.87; P 63 >0.05) when compared with control treatments (Fig. 1B). Globodera pallida infective 64 stage juveniles were mildly repelled by glucose (CI: -0.23 ± 0.09; P >0.05), and did 65 not respond to fructose (CI: 0.15 ± 0.08; P >0.05), or xylose (CI: -0.19 ± 0.09; P 66 >0.05) as compared with control treated worms (Fig. 1C). Glucose (118.6% ± 9.7; P 67 >0.05), fructose (107.2% ± 7.3; P >0.05), or xylose (119.6% ± 8.6; P >0.05) had no 68 significant impact on the frequency of serotonin-triggered stylet thrusting in G. pallida 69 infective juveniles when compared with control treatments (Fig. 1D) Fig. 2A). 80Corresponding reductions in glucose and fructose exudate concentration were 81 observed for both STP1 (5.10 µg/ml ± 1.31; P <0.01 and 3.14 µg/ml ± 0.92; P <0.01, (Fig. 3B). 93When exoRNAi-treated seedlings were challenged by M. incognita infection, 94 significant reductions in percentage infection levels relative to control (neo) dsRNA 95 treatment were observed for both STP1 (14.15% ± 4.77; P <0.01) and STP2 96(27.08% ± 7.32; P <0.05) dsRNA treatments (Fig. 3C) (Fig. 3D). 100These data demonstrate that the exogenous application of aqueous dsRNA 101 onto tomato seedlings is sufficient to trigger specific gene knockdown. However, we 102 found that different experimental populations of tomato seedlings could display wide
a b s t r a c tMarine spatial planning (MSP) has become an important tool to balance the needs of commercial, economical and recreational users of the marine environment with the protection of marine biodiversity. BirdLife International advocate the designation of marine Important Bird Areas (IBAs) as a key tool to improve the protection and sustainable management of the oceans, including the designation of Marine Protected Areas, which can feed into MSP processes. This study presents the results of three years of seabird tracking from the UK Overseas Territory of Anguilla, where marine resources are currently relatively unexploited and MSP is in its infancy. The core foraging areas of 1326 foraging trips from 238 individuals, representing five species (brown booby Sula leucogaster, masked booby Sula dactylatra, sooty tern Onychoprion fuscatus, magnificent frigatebird Fregata magnificens and red-billed tropicbird Phaethon aethereus) breeding on three of Anguilla's offshore cays were used to calculate the hotspot foraging areas for each study species. These high activity areas were then compared with fishing activity within Anguilla's Exclusive Economic zone and to proposed coastal developments. Two marine IBAs were identified within Anguilla's waters: the first to be defined, using seabird tracking data, in the Caribbean region. Whilst the level of fishing activity and associated seabird by-catch is hard to quantify, the core foraging areas of seabirds breeding in Anguilla were observed to overlap with areas known for high fishing activity. These findings highlight the need to work both nationally and across territorial boundaries to implement appropriate marine spatial planning.
Serotonin is a biogenic monoamine conserved across phyla that is implicated in diverse physiological and behavioural functions. On examining the expression of the rate-limiting enzymes in serotonin synthesis, tryptophan hydroxylases (TPHs), in the teleost medaka ( Oryzias latipes ), we found that males have much higher levels of tph1 expression as compared with females. This robust sexual dimorphism was found to probably result from the direct stimulation of tph1 transcription by androgen/androgen receptor binding to canonical bipartite androgen-responsive elements in its proximal promoter region. Our results further revealed that tph1 expression occurs exclusively in pro-opiomelanocortin ( pomc )-expressing cells and that the resulting serotonin and its derivative melatonin inhibit the expression of the pituitary hormone genes, fshb , sl and tshb . This suggests that serotonin and/or melatonin synthesized in pomc -expressing cells act in a paracrine manner to suppress pituitary hormone levels. Consistent with these findings and the male-biased expression of tph1 , the expression levels of fshb , sl and tshb were all higher in females than in males. Taken together, the male bias in tph1 expression and consequent serotonin/melatonin production presumably contribute to sex differences in the expression of pituitary hormones and ultimately in the physiological functions mediated by them.
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