Sprague-Dawley male rats were fed zinc-deficient or supplemented diets for 2 weeks, administered a carcinogenic dose of methylbenzylnitrosamine and observed over 20 or more weeks for effects of superimposing excess zinc or alcohol on development of esophageal tumors. In three separate experiments it was shown that (1) excess zinc offered no protection, (2) switching diets during or after carcinogen exposure pointed toward involvement of zinc in both initiation and promotion, (3) neither ethanol nor 3-methyl butanol alone affected tumorigenesis but the two combined and superimposed on a zinc deficiency resulted in a significant enhancement of neoplasia. In one group of rats fed the zinc-deficient diet only, with no carcinogen, 4 rats developed neoplasms, one of which was malignant. Cell proliferation, an integral component of zinc deficiency, appears to be an important contribution to tumor induction in this model.

Rats fed zinc-deficient diets and given an esophageal carcinogen, methylbenzylnitrosamine, develop tumors in greater incidence and with increased frequency compared to zinc-supplemented rats. This greater susceptibility is associated with a unique esophageal lesion, parakeratosis, with markedly increased epithelial necrosis and cell proliferation. Recent studies have shown that the increased susceptibility to tumorigenesis was further associated with a number of metabolic and biochemical alterations including increased binding of the carcinogen to DNA, shifts in O⁶-methylguanine (O⁶MeG)/7-methylguanine ratios and suggestions that the promutagen O⁶MeG lesion is not repaired effectively in the zinc-deficient esophagus; the latter was not reflected in the amount of O⁶-methyltransferase activity, however. The weight of evidence supports a presumption that zinc deficiency interferes with normal DNA repair mechanisms, the nature of which is not clear. An interesting additional finding was that zinc deficiency alone was associated with esophageal tumor induction, without carcinogen, which indicates that genetic material in the zinc-deficient esophageal epithelium is damaged sufficiently, without further chemical injury, to result in loss of control of cell proliferation. Manipulation of the time of exposure to zinc deficiency and carcinogen exposure defined the initiation period as most affected by the deficiency. Furthermore, reduced carcinogen exposure (and less toxicity), along with zinc deficiency, permits development of more tumors of the endophytic type, the form more relevant to human esophageal tumors. The groundwork, as described in this paper, has now been prepared to directly address the latter issue, endophytic tumors, and the putative relation of zinc deficiency to esophageal cancer in human populations.

No abstract

Nutritional modulation of male Fischer rats by a choline-deficient/methionine-low diet dramatically increases hepatocarcinogenesis and reduces time to first tumors induced by aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). The effect of this diet on hepatic aflatoxin-DNA adduct burden in male Fischer rats dosed with a carcinogenic regimen of AFB1 was examined in this study. After 3 weeks of ingestion of a choline-deficient/methionine-low diet or control semi-purified diet, rats were administered a carcinogenic regimen of 25 micrograms [3H]AFB1 for 5 days a week over 2 weeks. Six choline-deficient and four control diet rats were killed 2 h after each dose, and liver DNA isolated. In addition, hepatic DNA was isolated from animals 1, 2, 3, and 11 days after the last [3H]AFB1 administration. At all time points HPLC analysis of aflatoxin-DNA adducts was performed to confirm radiometric determinations of DNA binding levels. No significant quantitative differences in AFB1-DNA adduct formation between the dietary groups were observed following the first exposure to [3H]AFB1; however, total aflatoxin-DNA adduct levels in the choline-deficient animals were significantly increased during the multiple dose schedule. When total aflatoxin-DNA adduct levels were integrated over the 10 day dose period, a 41% increase in adduct burden was determined for the choline-deficient animals. While this increase in DNA damage is consistent with the hypothesis that DNA damage is related to tumor outcome, the biochemical basis for this effect still needs to be elucidated.