signs and symptoms were found related to SANP. A strong relationship appeared between the presence of the scapular flip sign and SANP. The suspected mechanism for the scapular flip sign is the unopposed pull of the humeral external rotators by the inactive middle and lower trapezius. Early identification of SANP can assist with the prognosis, explain persistent impairments and functional deficits, motivate appropriate diagnostic testing and interventions, and help maximize outcome. Further research to validate the scapular flip sign and establish a clinical prediction rule for the diagnosis of SANP should be performed.
Low-energy collisions of ionized acetone-d, , DMSO-d, and pyridine-d, with alkanethiolate self-assembled monolayer (SAM) surfaces prepared on gold were investigated. These experiments can be used to monitor routinely the condition of the surfaces and to determine whether a surface is acceptable for a given application. In addition to the surface-induced dissociation of the molecular ions, intense peaks corresponding to the addition of H (or D) to the ionized molecules are observed in the ioit-surface collision spectra. The relative abundance of the IM + H(D)I + reaction products was found to be dependent on several variables, including (i) the chemical composition of the monolayers (alkanethiolate, perdeuteroalkanethiolate, fluorinated alkanethiolate), (ii) the chain length of the alkanethiolate monolayers, (iii) the time for which the vapor-deposited Au surfaces are exposed to the thiol solution during surface preparation and (iv) the degree of deliberate damage of the SAM film (70 eV Ar" beam bombardment). The variation in [ M + H(D)I + abundance with induced surface changes illustrates the utility of these adduct ions for the characterization of the quality of the monolayers. The general trend observed is an increase in the I M + H I + peak with the increased presence of hydrocarbon adsorbates, which in turn is believed to be directly related to increased disorder (inherent or induced) of the monolayer film. The increase in [ M + HI + is seen with a decrease in chain length, with shorter monolayer preparation times, and with an increase in surface damage. In general, a fluorinated surface that has been intentionally damaged by an Ar" beam retains its highenergy deposition characteristics and is appropriate for use as a collision target for many types of projectiles.
Monolayer films are bombarded by low-energy (10-100 eV) ion beams, and condensation figures (CFs), or breath figures, are used to image the damage. The monolayer films are prepared on gold using long-chain alkanethiols (R(CH2)"SH), where R is the polar w-terminal group, OH (n = 11) or [N(CH3)3+Br] (n = 20). After bombardment, the films are removed from vacuum, and clean water vapor is allowed to condense onto the monolayer films, forming droplet patterns. Differences in water droplet size, shape, and population density
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