What form is the lexical phonology that gives rise to phonological effects in visual lexical decision? The authors explored the hypothesis that beyond phonological contrasts the physical phonetic details of words are included. Three experiments using lexical decision and 1 using naming compared processing times for printed words (e.g., plead and pleat) that differ, when spoken, in vowel length and overall duration. Latencies were longer for long-vowel words than for short-vowel words in lexical decision but not in naming. Further, lexical decision on long-vowel words benefited more from identity priming than lexical decision on short-vowel words, suggesting that representations of long-vowel words achieve activation thresholds more slowly. The discussion focused on phonetically informed phonologies, particularly gestural phonology and its potential for understanding reading acquisition and performance.

NMU of ADHD prescription stimulants were low compared with other prescription medications. While prevalence of NMU was higher for immediate-release than extended-release ADHD medications, absolute rates for prescription stimulants were low.

No abstract

There are no standardized bedside assessments for subtyping patients with osteoarthritis (OA) based on pain mechanisms. Thus, we developed a bedside sensory testing kit (BSTK) to classify OA patients based on sensory profiles potentially indicative of pain mechanism. After usability and informal reliability testing (n = 22), the kit was tested in a formal reliability study (n = 20). Patients completed questionnaires and sensory testing: pressure algometry to detect hyperalgesia; repeat algometry after heterotopic noxious conditioning stimulation to measure diffuse noxious inhibitory control (DNIC); light touch using Von Frey filaments; and cold allodynia using a brass rod. The procedure was brief and well tolerated. Algometry and filament testing were highly reliable [intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs) 0.71-0.91]; DNIC was acceptably reliable (ICCs 0.53-0.91); brass rod reliability was inconclusive. Patients were classified empirically into four groups: "All abnormal findings" (primary and secondary hyperalgesia and dysfunctional DNIC); "all normal findings"; and two intermediate groups. The "all abnormal findings" group had more neuropathic pain symptoms, and lower WOMAC total, stiffness, and activity scores than the "all normal findings" group. Simple BSTK procedures, consolidated in a kit, reliably classified OA patients into subgroups based on sensory profile, suggesting that OA patients differ in underlying pain mechanisms. Further research is needed to confirm these subgroups and determine their validity in predicting response to treatment.

We have identified composite pain-activity measures that are similarly or more responsive than pain-alone measures in patients with OA. Further research is warranted to determine the optimal method for computing these composites.

Clinical trials of analgesics have been plagued with poor assay sensitivity due, in part, to variability in subjects’ pain reporting. Herein, we develop and evaluate the focused analgesia selection test (FAST), a method to measure patients’ pain reporting skills. Subjects with osteoarthritis of the hip, knee, and/or ankle with pain intensity of ≥3/10 on a 0–10 numerical rating scale were enrolled. Subjects underwent the FAST procedure, which consists of recording subjects’ pain reports in response to repeated administration of thermal noxious stimuli of various intensities applied on the arm with the Medoc® Thermal Sensory Analyzer II. Subjects also rated non-noxious stimuli consisting of visual contrast rating. After performing an exercise task, subjects also rated clinical pain and were asked to report whether their pain had increased, decreased, or stayed the same. Overall, 88 subjects were enrolled, and 83 were included in the analyses. FAST’s outcomes including the R2, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), and coefficient of variation (CoV) indicated that subjects’ pain reporting skills were widely distributed. Higher FAST ICC significantly predicted greater changes in clinical pain following exercise (p=0.017), whereas the visual contrast test did not predict postexercise pain. FAST is the first method that measures subjects’ pain reporting skills. Using FAST to enrich clinical trials with “good” pain reporters (with high FAST ICC) could increase assay sensitivity. Further evaluation of FAST is ongoing.

A frequent experimental observation within implicit memory paradigms is that word priming is superior when the prime is presented in the same modality as the test word (visual-study-visual-test [VV] and auditory-studyauditory-test [AA]), as compared with when the prime is presented in a different modality (auditory-study-visualtest [AV] and visual-study-auditory-test [VA]). This frequent observation has motivated two important theoretical conclusions.One conclusion is in respect to the issue of whether the same lexicon underlies visual and auditory word recognition. In Morton's (1969) original logogen model, a word's representation in long-term memory (its logogen) is strengthened by both visual and auditory experiences with the word. A logogen's strength is measured by the ease, or speed, with which the logogen reaches a criterion level of activation. Morton's original proposal could not be preserved, however, in the face of experiments demonstrating substantial intramodal priming but negligible intermodal priming (e.g., Morton, 1979). A key feature of the original logogen theory was that once a logogen is made to fire, either by sight or by sound, it returns only slowly to its original state. Consequently, if the two modalities share the same logogen system, an earlier auditory experience of a word must help a later visual experience of that same word, and vice versa. Furthermore, an earlier experience in a modality different from the later experience should be as beneficial as an earlier experience in the same modality. Without convincing evidence in favor of the latter expectations, Morton (1979Morton ( , 1980Morton ( , 1982 was forced to distinguish two memory systems, one for words as read and one for words as heard. Any communication between the two stores could occur only through what he called the cognitive system-the site of meanings, cognitive strategies, and decision making. Most subsequent discussions of the relation between perceiving words by ear and by eye have sided with Morton's final assessment of independent lexicons (e.g., Coltheart, Rastle, Perry, Langdon, & Ziegler, 2001;Ellis & Young, 1996;Patterson & Sewell, 1987). Indeed, Morton's conclusion was a primary motivation for the development of dual-route theory (see the historical survey in Coltheart et al., 2001).The other conclusion, motivated by superior priming in within-modality than in cross-modality conditions, is in respect to the issue of what underlies the distinction between implicit and explicit memory measures. One interpretation is that the two measures index two separate memory systems (e.g., Tulving & Schacter, 1990). Another is that they reflect a difference between the kinds of processes and conditions shared between the original experiencing of an event (call it study) and the subsequent testing of the memory for that event (e.g., Blaxton, 1989;Roediger & Blaxton, 1987). The latter interpretation is continuous with the ideas of transfer-appropriate processing (TAP; Morris, Bransford, & Franks, 1977) and encoding specific...

The barriers to rotation of the aryl groups of m-nitrophenyladamantylpiperidine and m-nitrophenylcyclohexylpiperidine have been studied by variable-temperature NMR spectroscopy. NMR spectra of the free bases and salts of phenyladamantylpiperidine and phenylcyclohexylpiperidine (phencyclidine) and an X-ray crystal structure of the adamantane derivative verify the preferred conformations of these molecules in solution and the solid state. Force-field calculations provide additional information on the energetics of conformational processes in these molecules.