The nature of the ligand is an important aspect of controlling structure and reactivity in coordination chemistry. In connection with our study of heme/copper/oxygen reactivity relevant to cytochrome c oxidase O 2 -reduction chemistry, we compare the molecular and electronic structure of two highspin heme-peroxo-copper [Fe III -O 2 2--Cu II ] + complexes containing N 4 -tetradentate (1) or N 3 -tridentate (2) copper ligands. Combining previously reported and new resonance Raman and EXAFS data coupled to DFT calculations we report a geometric structure and more complete electronic description of the high-spin heme-peroxo-copper complexes 1 and 2, which establish μ-(O 2 2-) sideon to the Fe III and end-on to Cu II (μ-η 2 :η 1 ) binding for the complex 1 but side-on/side-on (μ-η 2 :η 2 ) μ-peroxo coordination for the complex 2. We also compare and summarize the differences and similarities of these two complexes in their reactivity toward CO, PPh 3 , acid and phenols. The comparison of a new X-ray structure of μ-oxo complex 2a with the previously reported 1a X-ray structure, two thermal decomposition products respectively of 2 and 1, reveals a considerable difference in the Fe-O-Cu angle between the two μ-oxo complexes (∠Fe-O-Cu = 178.2° in 1a, ∠Fe-O-Cu = 149.5° in 2a). The reaction of 2 with one equivalent of exogenous N-donor axial base leads to the formation of a distinctive low-temperature stable, low-spin heme-O 2 -Cu complex (2b), but under the same conditions the addition of an axial base to 1 leads to the dissociation of the hemeperoxo-Cu assembly and the release of O 2 . 2b reacts with phenols performing hydrogen-atom (e -+ H + ) abstraction resulting in O-O bond cleavage and the formation of high-valent ferryl [Fe IV =O] complex (2c). The nature of 2c was confirmed by comparison of its spectroscopic features and reactivity with those of an independently prepared ferryl complex. The phenoxyl radical generated by the hydrogen-atom abstraction was either 1) directly detected by EPR spectroscopy using phenols that produce stable radicals or 2) indirectly by detection of the coupling product of two phenoxyl radicals.karlin@jhu.edu, edward.solomon@stanford.edu. Supporting Information Available. UV-visible spectra of the reaction of (2b) with 1 equiv. of 2,4-di-tertbutylphenol ( Figure S1), UVvis spectra of the reaction of [(F 8 )Fe III -(O 2 2-)-Cu II (TMPA)] + (1) with DMAP ( Figure S2), EPR spectra of (2b) reaction with 1 equiv.of 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol ( Figure S3), GC-MS trace of the oxidative coupling of 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol in presence of (2b) ( Figure S4), ORTEP diagram ( Figure S5) and crystal data and structure refinement for [(F 8 )Fe III -(O 2-)-Cu II (AN)] + (2a) X-ray structure (Table S1), XAS spectra and computational data.NIH Public Access
Heme-Cu/O2 adducts are of interest in the elucidation of the fundamental metal-O2 chemistry occurring in heme-Cu enzymes which effect reductive O-O cleavage of dioxygen to water. In this report, the chemistry of four heme-peroxo-copper [FeIII-(O22-)-CuII]+ complexes (1-4), varying in their ligand architecture, copper-ligand denticity, or both and thus their structures and physical properties are compared in their reactivity toward CO, PPh3, acids, cobaltocene, and phenols. In 1 and 2, the copper(II) ligand is N4-tetradentate, and the peroxo unit is bound side-on to iron(III) and end-on to the copper(II). In contrast, 3 and 4 contain a N3-tridentate copper(II) ligand, and the peroxo unit is bound side-on to both metal ions. CO "displaces" the peroxo ligand from 2-4 to form reduced CO-FeII and CO-CuI species. PPh3 reacts with 3 and 4 displacing the peroxide ligand from copper, forming (porphyrinate)FeIII-superoxide plus CuI-PPh3 species. Complex 2 does not react with PPh3, and surprisingly, 1 reacts neither with PPh3 nor CO, exhibiting remarkable stability toward these reagents. The behavior of 1 and 2 compared to that of 3 and 4 correlates with the different denticity of the copper ligand (tetra vs tridentate). Complexes 1-4 react with HCl releasing H2O2, demonstrating the basic character of the peroxide ligand. Cobaltocene causes the two-electron reduction of 1-4 giving the corresponding micro-oxo [FeIII-(O2-)-CuII]+ complexes, in contrast to the findings for other heme-peroxo-copper species of different design. With t-butyl-substituted phenols, no reaction occurs with 1-4. The results described here emphasize how ligand design and variations influence and control not only the structure and physical properties but also the reactivity patterns for heme-Cu/O2 adducts. Implications for future investigations of protonated heme/Cu-peroxo complexes, low-spin analogues, and ultimately O-O cleavage chemistry are discussed.
Biocatalysis integrate microbiologists, enzymologists, and organic chemists to access the repertoire of pharmaceutical and agrochemicals with high chemoselectivity, regioselectivity, and enantioselectivity. The saturation of carbon-carbon double bonds by biocatalysts challenges the conventional chemical methodology as it bypasses the use of precious metals (in combination with chiral ligands and molecular hydrogen) or organocatalysts. In this line, Enereductases (ERs) from the Old Yellow Enzymes (OYEs) family are found to be a prominent asymmetric biocatalyst that is increasingly used in academia and industries towards unpar-alleled stereoselective trans-hydrogenations of activated C=C bonds. ERs gained prominence as they were used as individual catalysts, multi-enzyme cascades, and in conjugation with chemical reagents (chemoenzymatic approach). Besides, ERs' participation in the photoelectrochemical and radical-mediated process helps to unlock many scopes outside traditional biocatalysis. These up-and-coming methodologies entice the enzymologists and chemists to explore, expand and harness the chemistries displayed by ERs for industrial settings. Herein, we reviewed the last five year's exploration of organic transformations using ERs.
N-Acylsaccharin represents a facile acyl group transfer agent to heteroarenes in the presence of Pd(II)/NHC complexes appended with a pyrene unit. Catalytic acylation of heteroarenes was enhanced by the noncovalent interaction between the pyrene unit and substrates. High functional group tolerance, broad substrate scope, and moderate to good yields of 2-acylated azoles are added features of this method.
The synthesis of π-extended 10-aryl-pyrenoimidazoles having different substituents was realised via Ru(ii)-catalyzed oxidative annulation of 10-aryl-pyrenoimidazole with diphenylacetylene. The single crystal X-ray structure of trifluoromethyl and carboxylate substituted annulated-10-aryl-pyrenoimidazoles confirms the near coplanarity of the pyrene and imidazole moieties and the presence of twisted conformation resulting in intermolecular C-Hπ interactions. The lowest energy absorption maximum becomes red-shifted characteristic to the nature of the substituent owing to the extended π-conjugation, and specifically the nitro substituent shows intense absorption in the visible region with the maximum at 440 nm. All the molecules were found to show intense fluorescence both in solution and solid states. Strikingly, 170 nm red-shifted fluorescence with a large Stokes shift ca. 7000 cm for the nitro derivative, a value nearly two-fold higher than the parent compound despite its rigid polyaromatic skeleton was observed. The combination of electron rich π-conjugated aromatic systems with electron deficient substituents induces the intramolecular charge transfer interactions, which has been corroborated with the theoretical calculations.
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