Coffee is a valuable beverage crop due to its characteristic flavor, aroma, and the stimulating effects of caffeine. We generated a high-quality draft genome of the species Coffea canephora, which displays a conserved chromosomal gene order among asterid angiosperms. Although it shows no sign of the whole-genome triplication identified in Solanaceae species such as tomato, the genome includes several species-specific gene family expansions, among them N-methyltransferases (NMTs) involved in caffeine production, defense-related genes, and alkaloid and flavonoid enzymes involved in secondary compound synthesis. Comparative analyses of caffeine NMTs demonstrate that these genes expanded through sequential tandem duplications independently of genes from cacao and tea, suggesting that caffeine in eudicots is of polyphyletic origin. (Résumé d'auteur

Coffee quality, in the present context of overproduction worldwide, has to be considered as a main selection criterion for coffee improvement. After a definition of quality, and an overview of the non genetic factors affecting its variation, this review focuses on the genetic factors involved in the control of coffee quality variation. Regarding the complexity of this trait, the different types of quality are first presented. Then, the great variation within and between coffee species is underlined, mainly for biochemical compounds related to quality (caffeine, sugars, chlorogenic acids, lipids). The ways for breeding quality traits for cultivated species, Coffea arabica and Coffea canephora are discussed, with specific challenges for each species. For C. arabica, maintaining a good quality in F 1 intraspecific hybrids, introgressed lines from Timor hybrid, and grafted varieties are the main challenges. For C. canephora, the improvement is mainly based on intraspecific and interspecific hybrids, using the whole genetic variability available within this species. An improvement is obtained for bean size, with significant genetic gains in current breeding programmes. The content in biochemical compounds related to cup quality is another way to improve Robusta quality. Finally, ongoing programmes towards the understanding of the molecular determinism of coffee quality, particularly using coffee ESTs, are presented. Key words: Coffea spp., biochemical compounds, candidate genes, ESTs, genetic breeding, marker-assisted selection, quality. Genética da qualidade do café:No contexto do excedente de produção mundial, a qualidade do café tem sido considerada o principal critério de seleção no melhoramento dessa cultura. Após definir qualidade e fazer considerações sobre os fatores não genéticos afetando sua variação, esta revisão se concentra sobre os fatores genéticos envolvidos no controle da variação da qualidade do café. Em relação à complexidade desta característica, os diferentes tipos de qualidade são apresentados. Então, a grande variação dentro e entre as espécies de café é discutida, principalmente em relação aos caracteres bioquímicos relacionados com qualidade (cafeína, açúcares, ácidos clorogênicos, lipídeos). As maneiras para melhorar estes caracteres relacionados à qualidade nas espécies cultivadas Coffea arabica e Coffea canephora são discutidas, assim como os desafios específicos a cada espécie. Para C. arabica, manutenção da boa qualidade em híbridos interespecíficos F 1 , linhagens geradas por introgressão a partir do Híbrido do Timor, e enxertia de variedades são os principais desafios. Para C. canephora, o melhoramento é principalmente baseado em híbridos intra e interespecíficos, usando a variabilidade genética disponível nesta espécie. Um avanço é obtido com o tamanho da semente, com significante ganho genético em programas de melhoramento. O conteúdo de compostos bioquímicos relacionados com a qualidade da bebida é uma outra maneira de melhorar a qualidade do café Robusta. Finalmente, são comentados...

Sucrose metabolism and the role of sucrose synthase were investigated in the fruit tissues (pericarp, perisperm, and endosperm) of Coffea arabica during development. Acid invertase, sucrose phosphate synthase, and sucrose synthase activities were monitored and compared with the levels of sucrose and reducing sugars. Among these enzymes, sucrose synthase showed the highest activities during the last stage of endosperm and pericarp development and this activity paralleled closely the accumulation of sucrose in these tissues at this stage. Carbon partitioning in fruits was studied by pulse-chase experiments with (14)C-sugars and revealed high rates of sucrose turnover in perisperm and endosperm tissues. Additional feeding experiments with (14)CO(2) showed that leaf photosynthesis contributed more to seed development than the pericarp in terms of photosynthate supply to the endosperm. Sugar analysis, feeding experiments, and histological studies indicated that the perisperm plays an important role in this downloading process. It was observed that the perisperm presents a transient accumulation of starch which is degraded as the seed develops. Two full-length cDNAs (CaSUS1 and CaSUS2) and the complete gene sequence of the latter were also isolated. They encode sucrose synthase isoforms that are phylogenetically distinct, indicating their involvement in different physiological functions during cherry development. Contrasting expression patterns were observed for CaSUS1 and CaSUS2 in perisperm, endosperm, and pericarp tissues: CaSUS1 mRNAs accumulated mainly during the early development of perisperm and endosperm, as well as during pericarp growing phases, whereas those of CaSUS2 paralleled sucrose synthase activity in the last weeks of pericarp and endosperm development. Taken together, these results indicate that sucrose synthase plays an important role in sugar metabolism during sucrose accumulation in the coffee fruit.