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Radiation therapy is a major component of cancer treatment pathways worldwide. The main aim of this treatment is to achieve tumor control through the delivery of ionizing radiation while preserving healthy tissues for minimal radiation toxicity. Because radiation therapy relies on accurate localization of the target and surrounding tissues, imaging plays a crucial role throughout the treatment chain. In the treatment planning phase, radiological images are essential for defining target volumes and organs-at-risk, as well as providing elemental composition (e.g., electron density) information for radiation dose calculations. At treatment, onboard imaging informs patient setup and could be used to guide radiation dose placement for sites affected by motion. Imaging is also an important tool for treatment response assessment and treatment plan adaptation. MRI, with its excellent soft tissue contrast and capacity to probe functional tissue properties, holds great untapped potential for transforming treatment paradigms in radiation therapy. The MR in Radiation Therapy ISMRM Study Group was established to provide a forum within the MR community to discuss the unmet needs and fuel opportunities for further advancement of MRI for radiation therapy applications. During the summer of 2021, the study group organized its first virtual workshop, attended by a diverse international group of clinicians, scientists, and clinical physicists, to explore our predictions for the future of MRI in radiation therapy for the next 25 years. This article reviews the main findings from the event and considers the opportunities and challenges of reaching our vision for the future in this expanding field.

Mesoscopic photoacoustic imaging (PAI) enables non-invasive visualisation of tumour vasculature and has the potential to assess prognosis and therapeutic response. Currently, evaluating vasculature using mesoscopic PAI involves visual or semi-quantitative 2D measurements, which fail to capture 3D vessel network complexity, and lack robust ground truths for assessment of segmentation accuracy. Here, we developed an in silico, phantom, in vivo, and ex vivo-validated end-to-end framework to quantify 3D vascular networks captured using mesoscopic PAI. We applied our framework to evaluate the capacity of rule-based and machine learning-based segmentation methods, with or without vesselness image filtering, to preserve blood volume and network structure by employing topological data analysis. We first assessed segmentation performance against ground truth data of in silico synthetic vasculatures and a photoacoustic string phantom. Our results indicate that learning-based segmentation best preserves vessel diameter and blood volume at depth, while rule-based segmentation with vesselness image filtering accurately preserved network structure in superficial vessels. Next, we applied our framework to breast cancer patient-derived xenografts (PDXs), with corresponding ex vivo immunohistochemistry. We demonstrated that the above segmentation methods can reliably delineate the vasculature of 2 breast PDX models from mesoscopic PA images. Our results underscore the importance of evaluating the choice of segmentation method when applying mesoscopic PAI as a tool to evaluate vascular networks in vivo.

With the number of marine protected areas (MPAs) growing rapidly and progress being made towards protecting 10% of the ocean, as called for by the Convention on Biological Diversity, there is equally a need to increase efforts and provide incentives for effective management of these sites. The IUCN Green List of Protected and Conserved Areas (GLPCA), a voluntary global standard that protected areas and their agencies may decide to commit to working towards, has been set up to contribute to this. Protected areas can achieve Green List status by demonstrating a certain performance level and by meeting outcomes measured against a set of defined criteria. An assured verification process is followed before sites are recognized. The GLPCA will thus encourage and identify those protected areas (both terrestrial and marine) that are effectively managed, have equitable governance and achieve significant conservation impacts. The GLPCA pilot phase announced the first 25 protected areas to meet the criteria at the IUCN World Parks Congress in Sydney in November 2014. These included four MPAs: Iroise Natural Marine Park, Cerbère‐Banyuls Natural Nature Reserve, and Guadeloupe National Park in France, and Gorgona National Park in Colombia. Italy and China also participated in the pilot phase and each has an MPA that is continuing to work towards GLPCA status. The experiences of these sites are described, as well as three other programmes (two regional and one global) that are being developed to promote improved management of MPAs. This information will be useful for other MPAs considering participation in the GLPCA initiative. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.