ContextYield improvement is an important issue for rice breeding. Panicle architecture is one of the key components of rice yield and exhibits a large diversity. To identify the morphological and genetic determinants of panicle architecture, we performed a detailed phenotypic analysis and a genome-wide association study (GWAS) using an original panel of Vietnamese landraces.ResultsUsing a newly developed image analysis tool, morphological traits of the panicles were scored over two years: rachis length; primary, secondary and tertiary branch number; average length of primary and secondary branches; average length of internode on rachis and primary branch. We observed a high contribution of spikelet number and secondary branch number per panicle to the overall phenotypic diversity in the dataset. Twenty-nine stable QTLs associated with seven traits were detected through GWAS over the two years. Some of these QTLs were associated with genes already implicated in panicle development. Importantly, the present study revealed the existence of new QTLs associated with the spikelet number, secondary branch number and primary branch number traits.ConclusionsOur phenotypic analysis of panicle architecture variation suggests that with the panel of samples used, morphological diversity depends largely on the balance between indeterminate vs. determinate axillary meristem fate on primary branches, supporting the notion of differences in axillary meristem fate between rachis and primary branches. Our genome-wide association study led to the identification of numerous genomic sites covering all the traits studied and will be of interest for breeding programs aimed at improving yield. The new QTLs detected in this study provide a basis for the identification of new genes controlling panicle development and yield in rice.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s12870-018-1504-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Leafy amaranths, which are consumed as traditional food in Asia and Africa, are now considered among the most promising vegetables. In Vietnam, leafy amaranths, particularly Amaranthus tricolor L., are important summer vegetables due to their excellent nutritional values and high tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. However, this species has not been subjected to systematic breeding. Here we describe species identification and evaluation of the genetic diversity of Vietnamese amaranth collection by using matK and simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers. Our phylogenetic analysis based on the matK marker classified the species of 68% of the accessions, of which 120 belonged to A. tricolor. We developed 21 SSR markers, which amplified a total of 153 alleles in 294 A. tricolor accessions originating from Vietnam and overseas, with a mean allelic richness of 7.29 per marker, observed heterozygosity of 0.14, expected heterozygosity of 0.38, and polymorphic information content of 0.35. The STRUCTURE and F ST analysis indicated a positive relationship between geographic distance and genetic differentiation among most of the overseas groups and the Vietnamese col lection, but not among geographic groups within the Vietnamese collection. Vietnamese amaranths could be divided into two major types, one common in East Asia and the other one unique to Vietnam.

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This article focuses on the role of corpus in language classroom, a tool that allows to identify syntactic and semantic properties of discourse markers that are not discussed in traditional grammar books. The use of the corpus could assist French Foreign Language learners to be familiar with a new kind of academic writing. This raises questions about the methodology of teaching/learning of discourse markers that we try to address in this paper.

Abstract:The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the development of the microfinance sector in Vietnam and to examine the link between microfinance institution development and domestic economic factors. Particularly after reviewing previous papers conducted all over the world, this paper examines the Vietnamese market by using five years (2010)(2011)(2012)(2013)(2014)(2015) of data from Vietnamese microfinance institutions by using a descriptive statistical method. It was found that the growth of gross domestic product (GDP) and gross loans portfolio more or less have a relation. Likewise, foreign direct investment (FDI) inflow growth seems to have a link with asset development. This result also opens up several avenues for future research. Further studies could be performed to examine data with a quantitative method to test the results.