In traditional combustion engine vehicles, the sound of the engine plays an important role in enhancing the driver’s experience of the vehicle’s dynamics, and contributes to both comfort and safety. However, with the development of quieter electric vehicles, drivers no longer receive this important auditory feedback, and this can lead to a less satisfying acoustic environment in the vehicle cabin. To address this issue, sonification strategies have been developed for electric vehicles to provide similar auditory feedback to the driver, but feedback from users has suggested that the sounds produced by these strategies do not blend seamlessly with the other sounds in the vehicle cabin. This study focuses on identifying the key acoustic parameters that create a sense of cohesion between the synthetic sounds and the vehicle’s natural soundscape, based on the characteristics of traditional combustion engine vehicles. Through analyzing the time and frequency of the noises produced by combustion engine vehicles, the presence of micro-modulations in both frequency and amplitude was identified, as well as resonances caused by the transfer of sound between the engine and the cabin. These parameters were incorporated into a synthesis model for the sonification of electric vehicle dynamics, based on the Shepard-Risset illusion. A perceptual test was conducted, and the results showed that the inclusion of resonances in the synthesized sounds significantly enhanced their naturalness, while micro-modulations had no significant impact.
With the development of electric motor vehicles, the domain of automotive sound design addresses new issues, and is now concerned by creating suitable and pleasant soundscapes inside the vehicle. For instance, the absence of predominant engine sound changes the driver perception of the dynamic of his car. Previous studies proposed relevant sonification strategies to augment the interior sound environment by bringing back vehicle dynamics with synthetic auditory cues. Yet, users report a lack of blending with the existing soundscape. In this study, we analyze acoustical and perceptual spatial characteristics of the car soundscape and show that the spatial attributes of sound sources are fundamental to improve the perceptual coherency of the global environment.
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