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The effects of fumonisin B1 (FB1) from Fusarium moniliforme on lipid peroxidation and protein and DNA syntheses were studied in monkey kidney cells (Vero cells). FB1 was found to be a potent inducer of malondialdehyde (MDA), one of the secondary products formed during lipid peroxidation. At 0.14 microM (0.1 microg/ml), FB1 induced 0.496 +/- 0.1 nmoles of MDA/ mg protein, compared to the control level 0.134 +/- 0.01 nmoles of MDA/mg protein (P < 0.005). No inhibition of protein or DNA synthesis was observed at this concentration of FB1. Inhibition of protein and DNA syntheses was observed at FB1 concentrations > 14 microM (10 microg/ml) with an IC50 of 33 microM for both protein synthesis and DNA synthesis. These results indicate that lipid peroxidation is a very sensitive cellular response to the mycotoxin fumonisin B1 observed at concentrations lower than that required to inhibit cellular synthesis of macromolecules, protein and DNA. This oxidative damage induced by FB1 concentrations encountered in naturally contaminated foodstuffs and feed might lead to mutagenicity and genotoxicity.