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In case of accidental release of radionuclides in a nuclear facility or in the environment, internal contamination (inhalation, ingestion or wound) with actinides represents a severe health risk to human beings. It is therefore important to provide effective chelation therapy or decorporation to reduce acute radiation damage, chemical toxicity, and late radiation effects.Speciation governs bioavailability and toxicity of elements and it is a prerequisite tool for the design and success of new ligands or chelating agents. The purpose of this review is to present the state-of-the-art of actinide decorporation within biological media, to recall briefly actinide metabolism, to list the basic constraints of actinideeligand for development, to describe main tools developed and used for decorporation studies, to review mainly the chelating agents tested for actinides, and finally to conclude on the future trends in this field. To cite this article: É. Ansoborlo et al., C. R. Chimie X 33 (2007). Ó 2007 Académie des sciences. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved. RésuméEn cas de rejet accidentel de radionucléides dans une installation nucléaire ou dans l'environnement, il existe un risque de contamination interne (inhalation, ingestion ou blessure) pour l'homme et il est important de pouvoir fournir un traitement thérapeutique par des agents chélatants ou décorporation permettant de réduire la dose, la toxicité chimique et les effets retardés des radiations.La spéciation domine la biodisponibilité et la toxicité des éléments et représente un outil indispensable pour la conception et l'efficacité de nouveaux ligands ou chélatants. Le but de cet article est de présenter l'état de l'art sur la décorporation des actinides en milieu biologique, de rappeler les grandes lignes du métabolisme des actinides, de lister les contraintes indispensables actinidee

With DTPA as a comparison, the siderophore analogue code named 3,4,3-LIHOPO has been tested for its ability to remove 238Pu and 241Am from rats after their inhalation or intravenous injection as nitrate. The most effective treatment regimen for inhaled Pu was the repeated administration of 30 mumol kg-1 3,4,3-LIHOPO. By 7 days after exposure, the Pu contents of the lungs and total body were reduced respectively to 2 and 4% of those in untreated animals. These values were six and three times less than when DTPA was administered using the same protocol. For inhaled Am, 3,4,3-LIHOPO and DTPA were considered equally effective, the lung and total body contents being reduced respectively to 13 and 10% of those in controls. Some animals showed slight degenerative changes in the liver and proximal tubules of the kidneys after the repeated administration of 30 mumol kg-1 of 3,4,3-LIHOPO; however these changes were less marked than after DTPA treatment. After the intravenous injection of Pu, the most effective regimen was the single administration of 3 mumol kg-1 3,4,3-LIHOPO. The body content at 7 days was reduced to 7% controls compared with 19% after the repeated administration of 30 mumol kg-1 DTPA. At a dosage of 30 mumol kg-1, 3,4,3-LIHOPO was less effective owing to the higher retention of Pu in the liver. With repeated dosages of 30 mumol kg-1 3,4,3-LIHOPO was more effective than DTPA for the decorporation of Am; the body contents were 16 and 31% of those in controls respectively. Importantly, the body content was still reduced to 28% of control after a single administration of 3 mumol kg-1. The ligand 3,4,3-LIHOPO, which is also superior to other siderophore analogues, could represent a most significant development in the decorporation of Pu and Am.

With DTPA as a comparison, the siderophore analogue 3,4,3-LIHOPO has been examined for its ability to remove 238Pu and 241Am from the rat after subcutaneous (s.c.) and intramuscular (i.m.) injection of about 200 Bq of each actinide (0.3 ng Pu, 1.6 ng Am). After the s.c. deposition of 238Pu and 241Am, both ligands were more effective after local administration than (in decreasing order) their repeated interperitoneal (i.p.) injection, single i.p. injection and continuous infusion. Dosages of 3 mumol kg-1 of 3,4,3-LIHOPO were at least as effective as 30 mumol kg-1 DTPA after each mode of administration. The most effective regimen of those investigated for s.c. 238Pu and 241Am involved local administration of 30 mumol kg-1 of 3,4,3-LIHOPO at 30 min followed by i.p. injections at 6 h, 1, 2 and 3 day. By day 7 after exposure, the amounts of 238Pu and 241Am retained in the body were 2 and 7% of those in controls, respectively and 10 and four times less than when DTPA was administered using the same regimen. The ligand 3,4,3-LIHOPO was more effective for 238Pu and 241Am after their i.m. injection. This was attributed to the greater retention of these actinides at the wound site (97 versus 67%) when treatment commenced. After a single local injection of 30 mumol kg-1 at 30 min, the amounts of 238Pu and 241Am retained in the body at 7 day were 0.9 and 0.8% of controls. These values were 34 and 27 times less than after local and repeated i.p. injections of DTPA at dosages of 30 mumol kg-1. It is concluded that the administration of 3,4,3-LIHOPO represents potentially a most significant advance in the treatment of wound contamination by 238Pu and 241Am by chelating agents.

Linear octadentate spermine based 3,4,3-LI(1,2-HOPO) and the mixed ligand, 3,4,3-LI(1,2-Me-3,2-HOPO), are the most effective agents for decorporation of Pu prepared so far; they are effective at low dosage, orally active, and of low toxicity at effective injected dosage. Their pharmacological properties are favourable for in vivo Pu chelation--penetration of extracellular water, useful residence in the circulation, substantial hepato-biliary excretion, low but useful GI absorption, and transitory residence in the kidneys. Reductions of body Pu were significant, compared with controls, when oral administration to normally fed mice (30 or 100 micromol kg(-1)) was delayed as long as 24 h after i.v. Pu injection. The HOPO ligands (10-100 micromol kg(-1)) or CaNa3-DTPA (100 or 300 micromol kg(-1)) were given orally to normally fed mice starting at 4 h after an i.v. Pu injection and continued 5 d per week for 3 weeks. 3,4,3-LI(1,2-HOPO) (100 micromol kg(-1)) reduced Pu in skeleton, liver, and body, to 44 +/- 9, 18 +/- 8, and 38 +/- 7% of controls, respectively, reductions significantly greater than with the mixed HOPO ligand or with three times more CaNa3-DTPA.

New tripodal gem-(bis-phosphonates) uranophiles were discovered by a screening method that allowed for the selection of ligands with strong uranyl-binding properties in a convenient microtiter-plate format. The method is based on competitive uranium binding by using Sulfochlorophenol S as chromogenic chelate. This dye compound was found to present high uranyl complexation properties and allowed to highlight ligands presenting association constants for UO(2+)(2) up to 10(18) at pH 7.4 and 10(20) at pH 9. A collection of 40 known ligands including polycarboxylate, hydroxamate, catecholate, hydroxypyridonate and hydroxyquinoline derivatives was tested. Also screened was a combinatorial library prepared from seven amine scaffolds and eight acrylates bearing diverse chelating moieties. Among these 96 tested candidates, a tripod derivative bearing gem-bis-phosphonates moieties was found to present the highest complexation properties over a wide range of pH and was further studied.

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