Although deep learning algorithms show increasing promise for disease diagnosis, their use with rapid diagnostic tests performed in the field has not been extensively tested. Here we use deep learning to classify images of rapid human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) tests acquired in rural South Africa. Using newly developed image capture protocols with the Samsung SM-P585 tablet, 60 fieldworkers routinely collected images of HIV lateral flow tests. From a library of 11,374 images, deep learning algorithms were trained to classify tests as positive or negative. A pilot field study of the algorithms deployed as a mobile application demonstrated high levels of sensitivity (97.8%) and specificity (100%) compared with traditional visual interpretation by humansexperienced nurses and newly trained community health worker staff-and reduced the number of false positives and false negatives. Our findings lay the foundations for a new paradigm of deep learning-enabled diagnostics in low-and middle-income countries, termed REASSURED diagnostics 1 , an acronym for real-time connectivity, ease of specimen collection, affordable, sensitive, specific, user-friendly, rapid, equipment-free and deliverable. Such diagnostics have the potential to provide a platform for workforce training, quality assurance, decision support and mobile connectivity to inform disease control strategies, strengthen healthcare system efficiency and improve patient outcomes and outbreak management in emerging infections.Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) save lives by informing case management, treatment, screening, disease control and elimination programs 1 . Lateral flow tests are among the most common RDTs, and hundreds of millions of these tests are performed worldwide each year. They have the potential to support near-person testing and decentralized management of a range of clinically important diseases (including malaria, HIV, syphilis, tuberculosis, influenza and noncommunicable diseases 2 ), making it convenient for the end user and more affordable for health systems 3 . However, RDTs also present some issues, namely: errors in performing the test and interpreting the result 4,5 , quality control and lack of electronic data capture records of the test and results within health systems and surveillance. Many of these would be overcome with the real-time connectivity associated with REASSURED-the new criterion for an ideal test to reflect the importance of digital connectivity, coined by Peeling and coworkers 1 . Real-time connectivity involves the use of mobile-phone-connected RDTs. To date there have been few peer-reviewed studies or evaluations of the effectiveness of connected lateral flow tests at scale in populations in low-and middle-income countries.

who were tested for GC/CT but not empirically treated. Either GC or CT was positive at 90 (14.7%) visits. Median age and race/ethnicity did not differ between the groups. Mean and median time to treatment for GC/CT decreased from 6 and 4 days prior to implementing GeneXpert™, to 1.7 and 0 days for those tested with the POC test (p<0.001). Conclusion Prevalence of GC and CT was high among asymptomatic patients on PrEP. The introduction of POC testing decreases time to treatment, reducing duration of infectivity and potentially preventing ongoing transmissions. Disclosure No significant relationships.

The power line can be used for creating an in-house Absfimf-Siice its introduction b the enly 1990'r, use of the network or for bridging the last mile between the nerd, not just a wan% far most hamrowers Ethemet and withaul the necessity of additional cabling and additional rnnkiog able to each connection. Network odes must be identir~d md during eaoshoction of ~hames, access point to this network. The electrical dishibution Considerable renav~tioo is required to retrofit older homes or power grid could turn Out to be an idea' Io cop to plsee additiand nodes. Wireless networks provide nodes with the existing standard C~"b.tion links based On everywhere, They we Ideal far hmd-hdd or bnttery-aperated Copper w k g . Some of the applications that can be devices, but the addition af RF ranversion hardware makes implemented on this medium could be the Intemet Web this 10 inherently costlier solution. Addiibmlly, wireless browsing (always on), lntemet telephony (Voice over IP) networks suner from security Concerns and COmPek and security applications. As we can see the new power line stsndnrds.communications system will have multi-media capabilities.Internot has exploded. Access to the Intelllet is fssf becombg a transformer station and the access point of the end. " phone l i e solutions provide f-% r&i.ble senice but require interface (wall outlet). b c h wall outlet cm be , , sed as an three major factors in any ralutian: ensmf-use, low cost, and ubiquitous node avnilnbility. Power line networking delivers dl three. Sa, wbiie it is tme that pawer l i e networking facer some technical hurdles, it remains I compelling choice. very largest networks. On a global basis, there is a far greater capacity available for PLC usage via the elemicity supply grid t b there are telephone lines. power line is ~articularly suitable for Internet access, telephony, building . .automation, security applications, people care and special electricity supply "hiin paper itarts by describing the power lie PI 1 communication medium and then the Drobiems encountered in the power line communication chsnoel b terms of frequency response aad noise characteristics. A t r~l m i s~i o n technique (OFDM) that avoids power b e noise and uses the common modulation formats is also explained.Finally, haUic projections are rlso estimated baaed on Brady's me"remeot* 0-7083-8605-1 / $17.00 2004 IEEE

Transforming spoken words into written text in qualitative research is a vital step in familiarizing and immersing oneself in the data. We share a three-step approach of how data transcription facilitated an interpretative act of analysis in a study using qualitative data collection methods on the barriers and facilitators of HIV testing and treatment in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.

The purpose of the study explores the perception and experiences of students regarding weapons in schools, in a bid to create a peaceful and conducive learning environment. This study concentrated on four high schools in Umgungundlovu District. Students, educators and principals were asked to participate in this study on a voluntary basis. The study recognises that existing data related to weapons in South African schools is largely anecdotal. The significance of the study is that it collected data related to the weapons in schools and used data to inform recommendations on ways in which we can make schools safer places to the young people and staff. This was a mixed methods survey; however, the bulk of the findings were drawn from the quantitative data, which was conducted through surveys. The qualitative data was collected in interviews and in focus group discussions. The data revealed that a high proportion of students have seen weapons in school, which might be an indication that weapons find easy access onto school premises. The results revealed the types of weapons brought to schools. Knives were the weapons most seen at school followed by guns, while some other weapons mentioned were pepper sprays, screwdrivers, pangas and bats The study showed that in other schools, drugs, alcohol, substance abuse were reported in the sample. Among the contributing factors raised by the respondents on the reasons for the presence of weapons onto schools were the issue of drugs, alcohol, bullying, fights among students, and being involved on gang activities. Some policy recommendations regarding school security measures were proposed on the basis of the findings which were drawn from this study. As part of the study, it is recommended that the Department of Education ensure that all South African schools implement well-documented discipline policies, a code of conduct and school rules for their school which must clearly indicate seriousness of carrying a weapon in school as well as the consequences of misbehaviour. The policy must have steps to be followed by the principals and or educators where there are elements of misconduct against the students and sanctions to be issued if the student is found guilty. Other recommendations were made in line with the findings based on the results. Limitations of the study were further pointed out.

Transforming spoken words into written text in qualitative research is a vital step in familiarizing and immersing oneself in the data. We share a three-step approach of how data transcription facilitated an interpretative act of analysis in a study using qualitative data collection methods on the barriers and facilitators of HIV testing and treatment in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.

Transforming spoken words into written text in qualitative research is a vital step in familiarizing and immersing oneself in the data. We share a three-step approach of how data transcription facilitated an interpretative act of analysis in a study using qualitative data collection methods on the barriers and facilitators of HIV testing and treatment in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.