Although sub-Saharan Africa caries the burden of paediatric and adult HIV/AIDS infections, the epidemic is spreading most rapidly in the Middle East and North Africa Region where between 2005 and 2013, AIDSrelated deaths increased by 66% in comparison with a worldwide fall of 35%. For the first time, in 2011, more than half of people in need of antiretroviral drugs were receiving them, with coverage reaching 54%; yet only 28% of children have access to HIV treatment. This review sought to provide an update of paediatric and adolescent oral HIV/AIDS issues in resource poor countries. OBJECTIVES: To review the literature on paediatric & adolescent HIV with a focus on oral lesions as predictors of HIV infection; as markers of the efficacy of HAART and quality of life; caries risk; management of oral lesions; and epidemiological tests for clinical significance of oral lesions. METHODS: A search strategy was developed for PubMed to identify papers on paediatric oral HIV. Publications in English were selected on the basis that their titles and abstracts were relevant to the review objectives. The reference lists of included papers were screened for additional articles. The time-search for publications was limited from 2009 to 15 October 2014. RESULTS: Papers on the prevalence of oral lesions lacked standardization in diagnostic criteria and the introduction of HAART had significantly reduced prevalence; oral lesions remain useful predictors for HIV infection and as markers for the efficacy of HAART.Evidence suggest that caries risk is increased with HIV infection; management of oral lesions is inconsistent with available resources and surprisingly little recent information has been published in the past 5 years. Revised case definitions are proposed for large-scale epidemiologic studies with the development of an oral lesion index showing promise. Oral health quality of life indicators for children and adolescents are becoming important as more of these indicators are being developed and their negative oral impacts in individuals with oral lesions are now well established. CONCLUSIONS: Paediatric and adolescent oral HIV research needs to be prioritized as current studies are few and are characterized by poor quality study designs, small study samples and a lack of multicentre collaborations. There is a lack of high quality evidence for a number of interventions available for management of oral lesions. Oral Diseases (2016) 22, 25-34
To compare the incidence of inferior alveolar nerve injury after lower third molar extraction between two groups who had undergone differing preoperative diagnostic radiological assessments. A pilot study was conducted comparing potential surgical complications between two groups before surgical removal of lower impacted third molars. The patients (n=93) were divided into two groups: panoramic x-ray and Cone-beam computed tomography group (n = 38) and the panoramic x-ray group (n = 55). Post-operative complications in each group were recorded a week after surgery. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine the association between the incidence of nerve injury and other variables.
(TB), a major public health problem worldwide, is associated with micronutrient deficiency and wasting, and co-infections could worsen the condition. To investigate the relationship between micronutrient deficiency and oral candidiasis in adult TB patients. A cross-sectional study among 88 TB adult patients in Alexandra, Johannesburg. Patients underwent a complete oral examination to establish the prevalence of candidiasis and blood was collected for the assessment of micronutrient levels. The mean age of participants was 36.66 years of age, the majority being female (60.23%) and HIV positive (69.30%). The prevalence of oral candidiasis was 39.77% with pseudomembranous being most common (48.00%). In those with micronutrient deficiencies, oral candidiasis was prevalent in 40% patients with Zinc deficiency, 25.00% with Vitamin A deficiency, 32.00% with Albumin deficiency, 33.00% with Selenium deficiency, 31.00% with Iron deficiency and in 36.00% with Vitamin D deficiency. There was a significant association between the presence of oral candidiasis in TB/HIV co-infected patients and Zinc, Vitamin A and Vitamin D-deficiencies, but not in the TB only group. Tuberculosis, Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Oral Candidiasis, Zinc, Iron , Albumin, Selenium, Vitamin A and Vitamin D micronutrient deficiency Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) is the most widespread bacterial pathogen in the world, infecting approximately two million people globally on an annual basis. 1 Tuberculosis (TB) is a major public health problem in South Africa, with an estimated 450,000 cases of active TB in 2013. 2 The control of TB is complicated by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), with 60.00% of TB patients in South Africa also having HIV. 3 In South Africa, TB is associated with poverty, overcrowding, alcoholism, stress, drug addiction and malnutrition. 4 An important component of malnutrition is "micronutrient deficiency", which refers to the lack of sufficient micronutrients in an individual. Micronutrient deficiency leads to low energy levels, low immunity, higher rates of disability and chronic illness among affected populations. 5
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