The development of industrial waste treatment and disposal technologies requires the use of rapid analyses for quick and accurate assessment of the properties of waste and wastewater. Biotests allows quickly define the integral toxicity and can be attractive for screening studies. The purpose of this paper was to study the toxicity of samples of wastewater from a meat-processing plant at various test sites for a comprehensive assessment of their danger to surrounding ecosystems and the biocenosis of biological treatment facilities. The study of meat-processing wastewater, as well as its fractions, did not reveal signs of their strong toxic potential. The optimal method for studying the total toxicity of complex mixtures is to evaluate the properties of the water-soluble fraction, since it is a real threat if it enters the human body. Biotests on representatives of various trophic levels made it possible to estimate the safety of the studied wastewater in a short time, therefore were recommended as test systems for monitoring the environmental safety of wastewater in order to identify a number of individual chemical compounds, integral toxic potential, and long-term consequences for natural and artificial ecosystems.
The advanced energyand resource saving technologies of food production wastewater treatment include anaerobic and aerobic steps. At present, various methods of intensification and optimization are used to increase the efficiency of anaerobic processes of wastewater treatment, including selection of active microbial communities, providing the optimum temperature regime, immobilizing biomass by granulation or biofilm formation, reducing various inhibitory effects, phase separation or pre-acidification, chemical or biological pretreatment of wastewater. The aim of this investigation was researching the effect of hydraulic and organic load rates on the energy efficiency of the wastewater treatment process and evaluating the energy efficiency depending on process conditions. Experimental laboratory installation included subsequently connected bioreactors, one from which acted as first stage and other bioreactors as the second stages of anaerobic process. It was shown that the biogas formation at the first and second stages differs significantly. A small volume of released biogas on the first stage allows us to ignore it, but characteristics of biogas formation at the second stage bioreactors are close and are described by general functional dependence. The specific yield of biogas from the organic matter consumed Ybg is independent of the specific organic load rate L, but is dependent on the specific flow rate of the treated water D.
The physiological state of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast used in fermentation plants is strongly influenced by various stress factors, “stimulants” and top dressing. Effective yeast activation reduces the time it takes to prepare the finished product and increase its quality. Chlorella sorokiniana is a fast-growing microalgae, its biomass is a promising source of protein, carbohydrates, antioxidants, vitamins, magnesium and other components. Its cells have a powerful cell membrane, so the necessary step is the disintegration of the microalgae biomass. Ultrasonic, microwave disintegration methods, as well as mechanical using a high-speed homogenizer were used. When introducing disintegrated biomass at a concentration of 20 mg%, the most effective option compared to the control (without additives) was the use of microwave disintegration: an increase in ethanol-forming ability (by 43.5%), a visible degree of fermentation (by 39.2%), and yeast concentration cells in the population (by 31.0%). Ultrasonic and mechanical disintegration of microalgae biomass is less effective. Thus, the use of Chlorella sorokiniana microalgae as a source of valuable components is a promising way of activating the Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast, which requires additional research in the development of technology for preliminary disintegration and complex processing of introduced biomass.
The performance of the anaerobic-aerobic sequencing labscale reactors for the treatment of a milk processing wastewater was studied. The wastewater flow rate was varied from 78.0 to 149.0 ml•h-1 and organic matter content from 3.8 to 6.8 g COD∙dm-3. This corresponded to the change of dilution rate from 0.4 to 0.8 day-1 and organic loading rate from 1.4 to 2.8 g COD•dm-3•day-1. An increase of hydraulic load reduced the treatment efficiency at the first anaerobic stage from 44.4 to 29.7%, but it was compensated at the aerobic treatment stage. Increasing the organic loading rate improved the treatment efficiency at the anaerobic stage from 44.4 to 54.2%. It was shown that spatial separation of anaerobic stage onto two phases increases the treatment efficiency in anaerobic stage and in whole (85.8 and 98.7%) in comparison to non-separation mode (45.5 and 73.9%, respectively). The correlation analysis of the organic loading rate L, organic consumption rate P and dilution rate D on the treatment efficiency E allowed to obtain the equations can be used for mathematical optimization of the process.
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