Osteochondral lesion of the talus (OLT) is a broad term used to describe an injury or abnormality of the talar articular cartilage and adjacent bone. A variety of terms have been used to refer to this clinical entity, including osteochondritis dissecans (OCD), osteochondral fracture and osteochondral defect. Whether OLT is a precursor to more generalised arthrosis of the ankle remains unclear, but the condition is often symptomatic enough to warrant treatment. In more than one third of cases, conservative treatment is unsuccessful, and surgery is indicated. There is a wide variety of treatment strategies for osteochondral defects of the ankle, with new techniques that have substantially increased over the last decade. The common treatment strategies of symptomatic osteochondral lesions include nonsurgical treatment, with rest, cast immobilisation and use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Surgical options are lesion excision, excision and curettage, excision combined with curettage and microfracturing, filling the defect with autogenous cancellous bone graft, antegrade (transmalleolar) drilling, retrograde drilling, fixation and techniques such as osteochondral transplantation [osteochondral autograft transfer system (OATS)] and autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI). Furthermore, smaller lesions are symptomatic and when left untreated, OCDs can progress; current treatment strategies have not solved this problem. The target of these treatment strategies is to relieve symptoms and improve function. Publications on the efficacy of these treatment strategies vary. In most cases, several treatment options are viable, and the choice of treatment is based on defect type and size and preferences of the treating clinician.
Background: Major, rare and complex incidents can occur at any mass-gathering sporting event and team medical staff should be appropriately prepared for these. One such event, the Athens Olympic Games in 2004, presented a significant sporting and medical challenge. This study concerns an epidemiological analysis of foot and ankle injuries during the Games.
Results of treatment of stage II posterior tibial tendon rupture with flexor digitorum longus tendon transfer and calcaneal osteotomy Résultats du traitement d'une rupture du tendon tibial postérieur de stade II par transfert du tendon fléchisseur commun des orteils et ostéotomie du calcanéum T. BadekasAbstract In a retrospective study, we reviewed our results of treatment of stage II posterior tibial tendon rupture in 129 patients for whom surgery was performed between 1990 and 1997. During this period of time, 148 patients were treated with surgery following failure of nonsurgical methods of treatment. The 129 patients (117 females, 12 males) with an average age of 53 years (range, 34-75 years) had been symptomatic for an average of 2.8 years (range, 0.5-7 years). The indication for surgery was the presence of foot pain, which was refractory to shoe modifications, orthoses, and brace support. All patients had a painful flexible flatfoot without a fixed forefoot supination deformity. The surgery performed included a medial translational osteotomy of the calcaneus and transfer of the flexor digitorum longus tendon into the navicular. There were additional surgeries performed in 49 patients including repair of a tear of the spring ligament, talonavicular capsule or deltoid ligament (45), lengthening of the Achilles tendon (26), correction of hallux valgus deformity (5), and arthrodesis of the first tarsometatarsal joint (4). All patients were examined, radiographs obtained, and isokinetic evaluation of both feet and lower limbs performed with the KinCom apparatus at a mean of 4.6 years following surgery (range, 3-8 years). The AOFAS hindfoot scale was used to evaluate each patient, although, due to the time elapsed from the initiation of treatment, preoperative AOFAS scores were not retrospectively determined. The mean AOFAS score at the time of the follow-up examination was 79 points (range, 54-93).
The incidence of peroneal tendon disorders in the population is unknown and they are usually overlooked. We report two cases of peroneus brevis injuries and a comprehensive literature review was performed. The first case was a 53-year-old man presented with persistent pain on the lateral aspect on the left ankle during the last four years and difficulty to bear weight during the last year. MRI showed longitudinal tear of peroneus brevis tendon and the patient underwent surgical treatment. The second case was a 46-year-old woman with persistent pain on the lateral aspect of the ankle with a history of a road traffic accident two years ago. Although MRI showed a peroneus brevis tendon tear, this was a false positive finding. Surgical treatment revealed no tear and symphysiolysis managed to relieve patient's symptoms. Even though MRI is the most effective diagnostic tool in depicting peroneal tendon injuries, there are false positive findings. In cases when symptoms persist, surgical exploration is indicated.
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