Background: Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a major cereal crops planted in Thailand for both local consumption and export. The objective of this study was to investigate the allelopathic effect of Caesalpinia sappan L. and Crateva magna (Lour.) DC. extracts in promoting a rice cultivar, Khao Dowk Mali 105 (KDML105) seed germination and seedling growth, at 7 and 14 days after sowing (DAS). Methods: The C. sappan and C. magna plants were cleaned with tap water and air dried in room temperature then cut into small pieces and ground into fine powder. Plant crude extracts was prepared using ethanol as solvent. Result: The results showed that rice seed treatment with C. sappan and C. magna extracts was significant (all p less than 0.05), increasing root length, shoot fresh and dry weight and root fresh and dry weight of rice seedlings at 14 DAS. Seed treatment with these two plant extracts led to a significantly greater vigor index of the KDML105 rice seedling cultivar, when compared with the control. Interestingly, the seed treatment with C. magna extract at a 100 ppm concentration was found to produce the highest enhancement in the overall rice seedling growth parameters, including the vigor index of seedlings. The results showed that a low concentration of C. magna extracts can be potentially used in promoting seedling growth of rice since they improved the overall growth parameters.
Background: Alternaria brassicicola (Schw.) causes black spot disease, which is one of the major diseases limiting the production of vegetable crops, especially Chinese kale in Southeast Asia and Thailand. Previous pathogen management based on synthetic fungicides is expensive, toxic for humans, and harmful to the environment. The current study investigated the efficiency of Talaromyces flavus (Klöcker) Stolk and Samson Bodhi001, Talaromyces trachyspermus (Shear) Stolk and Samson Bodhi002, Talaromyces flavus (Klöcker) Stolk and Samson Bodhi003, Neosartorya fischeri (Wehmer) Malloch and Cain Bodhi004, and Neosartorya fischeri (Wehmer) Malloch and Cain in controlling Chinese kale black spot disease caused by A. brassicicola under field conditions. Methods: A. brassicicola and four antagonistic fungus strains were cultured separately on a PDA plate and incubated at room temperature for 14 days. Ten mL of sterile water was poured into a culture plate, and the spores were gently scraped from the mycelium with a sterile loop to obtain a spore suspension and afterward adjusted to a final concentration of 106 spores mL−1. Result: The results showed that spore suspensions of 106 spores mL−1 of T. flavus Bodhi001, T. trachyspermus Bodhi002, T. flavus Bodhi003, N. fischeri Bodhi004, and N. fischeri effectively controlled black spot disease in field trials and resulted in a significant reduction in black spot incidence compared with the unprotected control. Meanwhile, the spore suspension of T. flavus Bodhi001 revealed the greatest suppression of black spot incidence, causing 10.23% and 42.93% disease reduction, compared with the negative control, indicating promising preventive activity against A. brassicicola. Based on our results, T. favus Bodhi001 is a promising biological control agent (BCA) in controlling A. brassicicola causing Chinese kale black spot disease.
Background: Rice brown spot disease is caused by the fungus Bipolaris oryzae (Breda de Haan), which is one of the most significantly devastating diseases in rice. Nowadays, biological control agents and plant extracts as botanical fungicides are used to develop an alternative method to control this disease and reduce the use of synthetic fungicides. Therefore, the efficacy levels of Hydnocarpus anthelminthicus Pierre ex Laness., Crateva magna (Lour.) DC., Caesalpinia sappan L., Xanthophyllum lanceatum J. J. Sm. and Carallia brachiata (Lour.) Merr. crude extracts were tested in vitro against B. oryzae and their control of rice brown spot disease under greenhouse conditions. Methods: Five plants namely; H. anthelminthicus, C. magna, C. sappan, X. lanceatum and C. brachiata were cleaned with tap water and air dried at 28±2°C then cut into small pieces and ground into fine powder and stored at 4°C until used. Plant crude extracts was prepared using ethanol as solvent. Result: The results showed that the H. anthelminthicus crude extract showed the best antifungal activity against B. oryzae at the highest dose tested, causing 93% mycelial growth inhibition. Under greenhouse testing, the application of the H. anthelminthicus, X. lanceatum, C. brachiata, C. magna and C. sappan crude extracts at a concentration of 50,000 ppm effectively suppressed and reduced rice brown spot incidence caused by B. oryzae when applied once 30 days after transplanting (DAT). Interestingly, the H. anthelminthicus crude extract at a concentration of 10,000 ppm displayed the greatest suppression of the development of rice brown spot disease in terms of disease incidence when applied twice 30 DAT and 45 DAT compared with unprotected control. The results of this study indicated that H. anthelminthicus could provide botanical fungicide protection against rice brown spot disease to reduce the use of synthetic fungicides.
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