Forgery in digital images is immensely affected by the improvement of image manipulation tools. Image forgery can be classified as image splicing or copy-move on the basis of the image manipulation type. Image splicing involves creating a new tampered image by merging the components of one or more images. Moreover, image splicing disrupts the content and causes abnormality in the features of a tampered image. Most of the proposed algorithms are incapable of accurately classifying high-dimension feature vectors. Thus, the current study focuses on improving the accuracy of image splicing detection with low-dimension feature vectors. This study also proposes an approximated Machado fractional entropy (AMFE) of the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) to effectively capture splicing artifacts inside an image. AMFE is used as a new fractional texture descriptor, while DWT is applied to decompose the input image into a number of sub-images with different frequency bands. The standard image dataset CASIA v2 was used to evaluate the proposed approach. Superior detection accuracy and positive and false positive rates were achieved compared with other state-of-the-art approaches with a low-dimension of feature vectors.

The image is the best information carrier in the current digital era and the easiest to manipulate. Image manipulation causes the integrity of this information carrier to be ambiguous. The image splicing technique is commonly used to manipulate images by fusing different regions in one image. Over the last decade, it has been confirmed that various structures in science and engineering can be demonstrated more precisely by fractional calculus using integrals or derivative operators. Many fractional-order-based techniques have been used in the image-processing field. Recently, a new specific fractional calculus, called conformable calculus, was delivered. Herein, we employ the combination of conformable focus measures (CFMs), and focus measure operators (FMOs) in obtaining redundant discrete wavelet transform (RDWT) coefficients for improving the image splicing forgery detection. The process of image splicing disorders the content of tampered image and causes abnormality in the image features. The spliced region’s boundaries are usually blurring to avoid detection. To make use of the blurred information, both CFMs and FMOs are used to calculate the degree of blurring of the tampered region’s boundaries for image splicing detection. The two public image datasets IFS-TC and CASIA TIDE V2 are used for evaluation of the proposed method. The obtained results of the proposed method achieved accuracy rate 98.30% for Cb channel on IFS-TC image dataset and 98.60% of the Cb channel on CASIA TIDE V2 with 24-D feature vector. The proposed method exhibited superior results compared with other image splicing detection methods.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to study the performance of coatings for corrosion protection. In this research, different compositions of polyaniline (PANI) were added in a pigmented acrylic polyol-silicone coating. The important performance property is corrosion protection. The coatings must be evaluated under corrosive environment. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is the suitable method to investigate the effect of the addition of PANI in the binder mixture. Design/methodology/approach – The coating resistance, coating capacitance, water uptake and the diffusion coefficient of the coatings were tested for each of the sample. These parameters of the coatings were tested for a period of 60 days of exposure of 3.5 weight per cent solution of sodium chloride salt. EIS results will be further verified by immersion test and salt spray test. Findings – Coating materials developed using 8 and 10 weight per cent of PANI exhibited better coating properties with higher coating resistance for a period 60 days immersion in corrosive environment compared to coatings with lower amount of PANI (2-6 weight per cent). The best coating system obtained the coating resistance value in the range of giga ohms even after the 60th day of exposure. The lowest capacitance value suggested that the coatings have not allowed the electrolyte to permeate to the interface. Water uptake values were found to be in the range of 5 per cent. Salt spray test results showed that the corrosion has initiated at the edges of the scratches only. Practical implications – The study of the effect of conducting polymers in acrylic polyol/silicone resin hybrid binder will be useful for more exploration in coating science. Originality/value – The development of protective hybrid coatings using conducting polymer and TiO2 particles is new. The results show high coating resistance values.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to develop different combinations of acrylic polyol and silicone resins with various weight ratios and to test the coating properties using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Design/methodology/approach – The performance properties such as coating resistance, capacitance, dielectric constant, water uptake and diffusion coefficient were evaluated using EIS with exposure to 3.5 per cent NaCl solution for 60 days. Findings – The binders developed in this study were coated on cold rolled steel plates. The dry film thickness was found to be in the range of 50 microns. From EIS results, it was found that Acrylic polyol sample with 30 weight per cent of silicone exhibits the best properties, as it has high coating resistance in the range of 109 Ohms for the full period of exposure, whereas all other samples showed poor performance with the exposure time. For these samples, the parameters measured such as the coating resistance of the samples decreased while the coating capacitance, percentage of water uptake and diffusion coefficient of the samples increased after being exposed to corrosive solution for 60 days. The coatings developed by 0, 10 and 60 weight per cent silicone showed high coating capacitance on the first day of exposure, and these systems failed early during the exposure. The water uptake percentage and diffusion coefficient of all samples were found to be less than 50 per cent and below 10-11 cm2 s−1, respectively. An optimum cross-linking between the resins is considered as the main contribution for the best performance shown by the sample that consists of 30 weight per cent of silicone in acrylic matrix that provides maximum barrier properties of the coating. Originality/value – Developing coatings using hybrid binders (silicone resin and acrylic polyol resin) is new area of research. This will explore more research in the formulation of novel coatings.

This unauthorized intrusion has cost time and money for businesses and users. The exponential growth of spam emails in recent years has resulted in the necessity for more accurate and efficient spam filtering. This chapter focuses on creating a text-based anti-spam system using back-propagation neural network for Malay Language emails that efficiently and effectively counter measure spam problems. The proposed algorithm consists of three stages; pre-processing, implementation and evaluation. Malay language emails are collected and divided into spam and non-spam. Features are extracted and document frequency as dimension reduction technique is calculated too. Classifiers are trained to recognize spam and non-spam emails using training datasets. After training, classifiers are tested to check whether they can predict spam (or non-spam) emails accurately with the testing datasets. The result of this classification in terms of accuracy, precision, and recall are evaluated, compared and analyzed, thus providing the best anti-spam solution to counter measure spam problem of Malay language emails.