In recent years, heterogeneous photocatalysis using semiconductors has proved to be efficient for the treatment of wastewater containing organic pollutants, such as drugs. Among some photocatalysts, titanium dioxide (TiO2) has been studied and applied for this purpose. Therefore, this work investigated the photocatalytic degradation of the antipsychotic clozapine under ultraviolet irradiation, using suspended and supported TiO2 in polystyrene material. Some experimental parameters were evaluated through a factorial design 23; a higher degradation rate of the compound was verified using 0.15 g of the immobilized catalyst, [H2O2] of 340 mg L-1 and pH 9, after 6 h of treatment. It was possible to obtain degradations above 93.48% and a two-stage model was proposed to describe the reaction kinetics. An artificial neural network was used to model the photocatalytic process and to determine the importance of the operational variables. It was also established that the use of this treatment resulted in 78.30% removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) under optimized conditions. In addition, the stability of TiO2 support after five consecutive cycles was verified from reuse tests. However, by means of toxicological tests with Escherichia coli and Salmonella enteritidis, it was observed that the products generated by the reaction were more toxic than the original compound.
The minimum parameters of identity and quality of butters in Brazil are governed by the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply. From them it is possible to carry out the performance verification of the methodologies to guarantee the results reliability. Thus, the objective of this study was to analyze the performance of the method of determination of NaCl in butter, based on ISO 1738:2004, evaluating accuracy, precision and the limit of quantification (LOQ). The precision was obtained since the coefficients of variation found in the tests were lower than the Horwitz value. The accuracy was approved as a consequence of the confirmation of the proficiency having as provider the FAPAS. The LOQ of 0.41g of NaCl/100g of butter was established by evaluating the accuracy and the recovery in a NaCl content determination test, using a solution prepared with Certified Reference Material. To assure quality, the uncertainty associated with the NaCl measurement was also estimated, through the evaluation of the possible sources of uncertainty, among which were: weighing, analyzer, glassware and the reagent purity, with a measurement uncertainty of 0.03g NaCl/100g of sample. Finally, it was verified the conformity of the NaCl content in commercial samples according to the Brazilian legislation.
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