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Physico-chemical characteristics of the public drinking water of the region of Vale do Ribeira, SP, Brazil RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a qualidade físico-química da água de abastecimento para consumo humano da região do Vale do Ribeira, SP, Brasil, entre 2008 e 2010. Foram medidos os parâmetros ferro, turbidez, cor aparente, nitrato e avaliados segundo a Portaria nº 2.914/2011 do Ministério da Saúde. O fluoreto medido foi avaliado de acordo com a Resolução da Secretaria de Estado da Saúde SP 250/1995. Foram coletadas 1.254 amostras de águas de 15 municípios dessa região. Os resultados mostraram que 46 % das amostras estavam inadequadas para o consumo humano, principalmente pelos níveis de fluoreto, que é adicionado à água de abastecimento público para prevenir a cárie dentária. Observouse que 42,7 % das amostras estavam fora da faixa recomendada (0,6 a 0,8 mg.L -1 ). Turbidez, ferro e cor aparente acima dos valores máximos recomendáveis (VMR) pela legislação foram evidenciados, respectivamente, em 2,2 %, 6,1 % e 2,1 % das amostras. Nenhuma das amostras apresentou nitrato. À vista dos resultados obtidos, conclui-se que há necessidade de implementar o monitoramento da qualidade da água. Palavras-chave. água, fluoreto, saúde pública, Vale do Ribeira, SP.

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One hundred and thirty seven samples of peanuts and peanut containing foods were collected in markets in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, between January 1995 an December 1997. Most of the samples were collected by the Inspection Service of São Paulo Secretary of Health. The foods included raw peanuts, peanut candies (paçoca and pé de moleque), peanut butter, fried/roasted salted peanuts, torrone, chocolate coated peanuts and saltcoated peanuts. The samples were analyzed for aflatoxins using a thin-layer chromatographic method. About 45% of the samples were positive for aflatoxins and 27% exceeded the limits of the Brazilian legislation (30.0 µg.kg -1 for aflatoxins B 1 +G 1 ). The aflatoxins were confirmed by derivatization with trifluoroacetic acid. The 90 th percentile was 110.0 in 1995, 60.0 in 1996 and 118.0 µg.kg -1 in 1997. The aflatoxins concentration in the raw peanut samples ranged from 5.0 to 382.0 µg.kg -1 and 27.1% were above the legal limits. Contamination in peanut candies was above the limit in 32.8% of the samples and the aflatoxins levels ranged from 6.0 to 494.0 µg.kg -1 . Contamination of salty peanuts was less frequent, around 10% of the samples and the toxin levels were usually below 10 µg.kg -1 . The maximum level of contamination, 536.0 µg.kg -1 , was found in a sample of peanut with a salty coat (amendoim japonês). Results of previous studies in peanuts and peanut products in the city of São Paulo from 1980-1987 had 68.75% of the samples with levels greater than the limit 30.0 µg.kg -1 and the 90 th percentile ranged from 42.0 to 333.0 µg.kg -1 . In 1994, 36.0% of the samples showed results above the limit and the 90 th percentile was 489 µg.kg -1 . The results show that aflatoxins contamination in peanuts is decreasing but it is still a serious problem in Brazil, a country where the climate, the agricultural practices and storage conditions favour fungal growth.

Liver and kidney tissues and urine from calves chronically or acutely intoxicated by aflatoxin were surveyed to detect the presence of aflatoxins B1, M1 (AFB1, AFM1) and aflatoxicol (AFL). Aflatoxins B1, M1, and aflatoxicol were not found in the liver, kidney or urine from animals intoxicated by chronic forms. However in a calf that received a single dose of 0.8 mg of AFB1/kg of live weight and one submitted to a single dose of 1.8 mg of AFB1/kg of live weight detectable levels of aflatoxins occurred in tissues and urine.