Articles you may be interested inHydrogen bonded structure, polarity, molecular motion and frequency fluctuations at liquid-vapor interface of a water-methanol mixture: An ab initio molecular dynamics study

Combined Metropolis Monte Carlo computer simulation and first-principles quantum mechanical calculations of pyridine in water are performed to analyze the role of thermal disorder in the electronic properties of hydrogen bonds in an aqueous environment. The simulation uses the NVT ensemble and includes one pyridine and 400 water molecules. Using a very efficient geometric-energetic criterion, the hydrogen bonds between pyridine and water C5H5N---H2O are identified and separated for subsequent quantum mechanical calculations of the electronic and spectroscopic properties. Statistically uncorrelated configurations composed of one pyridine and one water molecule are used to represent the configuration space of the hydrogen bonds in the liquid. The quantum mechanical calculations on these structures are performed at the correlated second-order perturbation theory level and all results are corrected for basis-set superposition error. The results are compared with the equivalent electronic properties of the hydrogen bond in the minimum-energy configuration. Charge transfer, dipole moment, and dipole polarizabilities are calculated for the thermally disordered and minimum-energy structures. In addition, using the mean and anisotropic polarizabilities, the Rayleigh depolarizations are obtained. All properties obtained for the thermally disordered structures are represented by a statistical distribution and a convergence of the average values is obtained. The results indicate that the charge transfer, dipole moment, and average depolarization ratios are systematically decreased in the liquid compared to the optimized cluster. This study quantifies, using ab initio quantum mechanics and statistical analysis, the important aspect of the thermal disorder of the hydrogen bond in a liquid system.

We investigate the impact of hydroxyl groups on the properties of C(60)(OH)(n) systems, with n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 10, 16, 18, 24, 32 and 36 by means of first-principles density functional theory calculations. A detailed analysis from the local density of states has shown that adsorbed OH groups can induce dangling bonds in specific carbon atoms around the adsorption site. This increases the tendency to form polyhydroxylated fullerenes (fullerenols). The structural stability is analyzed in terms of the calculated formation enthalpy of each species. Also, a careful examination of the electron density of states for different fullerenols shows the possibility of synthesizing single molecules with tunable optical properties.

A molecular dynamics simulation combined with semiempirical quantum mechanics calculations has been performed to investigate the structure, dynamical, and electronic properties of pure C60 in liquid ethanol. The behavior of the fullerene alcoholic solution was obtained by using the NPT ensemble under ambient conditions, including one C60 fullerene immersed in 1000 ethanol molecules. Our analyzed center-of-mass pairwise radial distribution function indicated that, on average, there are 32, 72, 132, and 187 ethanol molecules around, respectively, the first, second, third, and fourth solvation shells of the C60 molecule. To investigate the UV-vis transition energies of C60 in the presence of ethanol, we have considered constituents of the time uncorrelated supramolecular structures of the first solvation shell, i.e., clusters of C60@{EtOH}32 types. The semiempirical calculations were performed at the intermediate neglect of differential overlap level with configuration interaction singles (INDO/CIS). Our results have pointed out that the characteristic C60 UV-vis absorbance peaks are slightly shifted to longer wavelengths, as compared to the isolated molecule. These findings are in connection with the weak donor-acceptor character of the interactions involving electron lone pairs of oxygen atoms on the solvent and the fullerene surface.

We have investigated the stability, electronic properties, Rayleigh ͑elastic͒, and Raman ͑inelastic͒ depolarization ratios, infrared and Raman absorption vibrational spectra of fullerenols ͓C 60 ͑OH͒ n ͔ with different degrees of hydroxylation by using all-electron density-functional-theory ͑DFT͒ methods. Stable arrangements of these molecules were found by means of full geometry optimizations using Becke's three-parameter exchange functional with the Lee, Yang, and Parr correlation functional. This DFT level has been combined with the 6-31G͑d , p͒ Gaussian-type basis set, as a compromise between accuracy and capability to treat highly hydroxylated fullerenes, e.g., C 60 ͑OH͒ 36 . Thus, the molecular properties of fullerenols were systematically analyzed for structures with n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 10, 16, 18, 24, 32, and 36. From the electronic structure analysis of these molecules, we have evidenced an important effect related to the weak chemical reactivity of a possible C 60 ͑OH͒ 24 isomer. To investigate Raman scattering and the vibrational spectra of the different fullerenols, frequency calculations are carried out within the harmonic approximation. In this case a systematic study is only performed for n =1-4, 8, 10, 16, 18, and 24. Our results give good agreements with the expected changes in the spectral absorptions due to the hydroxylation of fullerenes.

Polymorphs, cocrystals, solvates, and hydrates have been reported for efavirenz (EFV), which is part of high activity antiretroviral therapy (HAART), and it is considered to be the best choice in the treatment of adults and children. However, studies about thermodynamic stability and improvement of dissolution properties have been rarely reported for the anhydrous polymorphic forms. Therefore, the aim of this work was to characterize the solid state of anhydrous polymorph I and polymorph II (herein obtained), to study the thermodynamic stability and strategies to improve the dissolution properties. In addition, techniques such as, X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), hot stage microscopy (HSM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), raman spectroscopy (RS), theoretical calculations, and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (ss-NMR) were used to complete this work. Thermodynamic studies showed that polymorphs I and II are enantiotropically related with the isoenergetic point between 35 and 40 °C. The EFV polymorph II showed itself to be more stable and 10-fold more soluble than polymorph I, due to modifications of morphology. Therefore, polymorph II could be an excellent candidate with significant advantages for pharmaceutical formulations.

An ab initio study of the stability, spectroscopic properties, and isomeric equilibrium of the hydrogen-bonded HCN...H2O and H2O...HCN isomers is presented. Density functional theory and perturbative second-order MP2 and coupled-cluster CCSD(T) calculations were carried out and binding energies obtained with correlation-consistent basis sets including extrapolation to the infinity basis set level. At the best theoretical level, CCSD(T), the H2O...HCN complex is more stable than the HCN...H2O complex by ca. 6.3 kJ mol(-1). Rotational and vibrational spectra, including anharmonic corrections, are calculated. These calculated spectroscopic data are used to obtain thermochemical contributions to the thermodynamic functions and hence the Gibbs free energy. The relative free energies are used to estimate the equilibrium constant for isomerism. We find that under typical conditions of supersonic expansion experiments (T < 150 K) H2O...HCN is essentially the only isomer present. Furthermore, our calculations indicate that the hydrogen-bonded cluster becomes favorable over the separated moieties at temperatures below 200 K.

Normal and water-in-salt Li–bis­(trifluoromethane) sulfonimide anion-based electrolytes were modeled using atomistic molecular dynamics simulations. Their acetonitrile (ACN) mixtures, in various concentrations, were also studied to evaluate the impact of a cosolvent on the structural, dynamical, and electrical properties of the electrolytes using liquid electrolyte and supercapacitor models. Our simulations for pure and ACN-based electrolytes revealed a drastic difference that exists between normal electrolytes and water-in-salt electrolytes and a systematic reduction of the diffusion of species by approximately a factor of 2 because of the ACN impact. Electrolytic cells for each electrolyte were built with graphene as the electrode. Our results for capacitance reveal an asymmetry between the electrode capacitances, with negative electrode capacitance systematically higher than those of the positive electrode. The total capacitance of the electrode exhibited negligible variations regardless of the concentration and composition of the electrolyte.