The establishment of the World Trade Organisation in 1995 and subsequent proliferation of the regional and bilateral trade agreements resulted in the decline of global tariffs. However, other trade and regulatory measures have increased and thus restricted potential trade to some extend. These measures, non-tariff measures (NTMs) have also affected intra-SADC trade as there was no evidence of growth in the trade that needed to accompany the decline in tariffs. The extent of the impact of NTMs on SADC trade is still not fully understood due lack of such data, which effectively affected the quality of research in this area. In this paper data on NTM related to SADC agricultural products for ten countries were compiled to shed some light on these measures as well as to make them transparent. The results confirm that these countries have increased their use of NTMs of the period. As a result, on average one product is subjected to 17 NTMs in 2010. SACU is the leader in the use of NTMs, while Malawi had the least incidences of NTMs. Most of The NTMs are applied on fruits, meat, dairy, vegetables and cereal products. The use of sanitary and phyto-sanitary measures (SPS) and export measures were increasing faster than other categories. Finally, there is an indication that NTMs are used as substitutes for the declining tariffs. NTMs are trade restricting, and if they are not addressed they will continue to reverse the gains of SADC free trade area as well as other initiatives of trade liberalisation.
The ability of farmers to operate redistributed farms in a profitable and sustainable manner is crucial for both successful integration into agricultural value chains and sustainable production systems. The performance of redistributed farms is becoming increasingly important as the number of redistributed farms increases in light of correcting previous anomalies in land ownership in South Africa while ensuring continued food security. Although much has been done to assess the impact of land reform on macro variables, little has been done to unpack factors associated with the success of redistributed farms. Using a sample of 1956 redistributed farms across the nine provinces of South Africa, the current study employs an ordinary least square regression as well as a generalised logistic regression model to identify factors associated with the success (measured by net farm income and probability to operate at commercially viable scale) of the sampled farms. The results show that infrastructure, support (both technical and financial), and type of market used are significantly associated with the performance of redistributed farms. In addition, the results reveal disparities in performance across provinces and across gender categories. The study provides valuable insight to programme managers on the factors that needs to be enhanced in order to increase the odds of success for redistributed farms.
A sample of 1,114 households in three countries located in the Limpopo River Basin was surveyed to investigate willingness to use (WTU) and willingness to pay (WTP) for different quality attributes of recycled water. The results indicate that 36% of the households are willing to use recycled water for potable uses and only 70% are willing to use it for non-potable use such as gardening. WTU recycled water was found to be associated with gender, age, education, occupation and perception of quality of water from the main source. Households are willing to pay 76% of the price of standard water for improved quality in recycled water with no colour.
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