• Immediately post-operative MRI reveals contrast enhancement after glioblastoma gross total resection. • Immediately post-operative micro-nodular and frayed enhancement correlate with early recurrence. • Absence of micro-nodular/frayed enhancement is associated with 61 weeks' progression-free survival. • Absence of micro-nodular/frayed enhancement is associated with 125 weeks' overall survival.

A 3.0T ioMRI improved the quality of resection by 17.8% and increased the GTR/NTR rate by 8.9% up to 73.2% without additional morbidity. A GTR/NTR improves survival duration by about 50%. Thus, it remains reasonable to increase the EOR to reach GTR/NTR using an intraoperative control. However, ioMRI should be limited to the cases for which a GTR/NTR seems preoperatively possible.

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