Collectins are a family of C-type lectins that have collagen-like sequences and carbohydrate recognition domains (CRD). They are involved in host defense through their ability to bind to carbohydrate antigens of microorganisms. The scavenger receptors type A and MARCO are classical type scavenger receptors that have internal collagen-like domains. Here we describe a new scavenger receptor that is a membrane-type collectin from placenta (collectin placenta 1 (CL-P1)), which has a typical collectin collagen-like domain and a CRD. The cDNA has an insert of about 2.2 kilobases coding for a protein containing 742 amino acid residues. The deduced amino acid sequence shows that CL-P1 is a type II membrane protein, has a coiled-coil region, a collagen-like domain, and a CRD. It resembles type A scavenger receptors because the scavenger receptor cysteine-rich domain is replaced by a CRD. Northern analyses, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and immunohistochemistry show that CL-P1 is expressed in vascular endothelial cells but not in macrophages. By immunoblotting and flow cytometry CL-P1 appears to be a membrane glycoprotein of about 140 kDa in human umbilical vein or arterial endothelial cells, placental membrane extracts, and CL-P1 transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells. We found that CL-P1 can bind and phagocytose not only bacteria (Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus) but also yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Furthermore, it reacts with oxidized low density lipoprotein (OxLDL) but not with acetylated LDL (AcLDL). These binding activities are inhibited by polyanionic ligands (polyinosinic acid, polyguanylic acid, dextran sulfate) and OxLDL but not by polycationic ligands (polyadenylic acid or polycytidylic acid), LDL, or AcLDL. These results indicate that CL-P1 might play important roles in host defenses that are different from those of soluble collectins in innate immunity.

No abstract

Collectins are a C-lectin family with collagen-like sequences and carbohydrate recognition domains. These proteins can bind to carbohydrate antigens of microorganisms and inhibit their infection by direct neutralization and agglutination, the activation of complement through the lectin pathway, and opsonization by collectin receptors. Here we report the cloning of a cDNA encoding human collectin from liver (CL-L1 (collectin liver 1)) that has typical collectin structural characteristics, consisting of an N-terminal cysteine-rich domain, a collagen-like domain, a neck domain, and a carbohydrate recognition domain. The cDNA has an insert of 831 base pairs coding for a protein of 277 amino acid residues. The deduced amino acid sequence shows that this collectin has a unique repeat of four lysine residues in its C-terminal area. Northern blot, Western blot, and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analyses showed that CL-L1 is present mainly in liver as a cytosolic protein and at low levels in placenta. More sensitive analyses by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reactions showed that most tissues (except skeletal muscle) have CL-L1 mRNA. Zoo-blot analysis indicated that CL-L1 is limited to mammals and birds. A chromosomal localization study indicated that the CL-L1 gene localizes to chromosome 8q23-q24.1, different from chromosome 10 of other human collectin genes. Expression studies of fusion proteins lacking the collagen and N-terminal domains produced in Escherichia coli affirmed that CL-L1 binds mannose weakly. CL-L1 and recombinant CL-L1 fusion proteins do not bind to mannan columns. Analysis of the phylogenetic tree of CL-L1 and other collectins indicated that CL-L1 belongs to a fourth subfamily of collectins following the mannan-binding protein, surfactant protein A, and surfactant protein D subfamilies including bovine conglutinin and collectin-43 (CL-43). These findings indicate that CL-L1 may be involved in different biological functions.

Mannan-binding lectin (MBL) is a C-type serum lectin that is believed to play an important role in innate immunity. It is one of the collectin family, which is characterized by having a collagen-like sequence and a carbohydrate recognition domain. MBL can bind to sugar determinants of several micro-organisms, neutralize them and inhibit infection by complement activation through the lectin pathway and opsonization by collectin receptors. Bovine conglutinin and mouse MBL inhibit the infective and haemagglutinating activities of influenza A viruses. To identify the direct antiviral activity of human MBL against influenza A viruses that does not depend on complement activation or opsonization, we isolated native MBL from human serum and produced a recombinant MBL in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells using a pNOW/CMV-A expression vector system. Native and recombinant human MBL exhibited neutralization activity against A/Ibaraki/1/90 (H3N2), with the plaque focus reduction assay at the viral attachment phase. Their activities were inhibited by EDTA, mannose and anti-human MBL antibody. Furthermore, at the viral expansion phase both MBL in culture medium prevented viral spreading from primary infected cells to neighbour cells. A virus recovery study using EDTA indicated that interaction between MBL and virus was reversible and non-damaging to the virus. Lectin blot and immunohistochemistry assays showed that these antiviral activities involved binding between MBL and two viral envelope proteins, haemagglutinin and neuraminidase. These findings suggest that human MBL can play an important role in innate immunity by direct viral neutralization and inhibition of viral spread, as well as an indirect role through opsonization and complement activation.

Antiviral immune responses play as a double edged sword in resolution of infection and pathogenesis of acute lung injury caused by infection with highly pathogenic influenza A viruses. Here we show that type I interferons (IFNs) are important in protection against acute influenza A virus infection not only via their antiviral activity but also via their anti-inflammatory activity. IFN α receptor (IFNAR) knock-out (KO) mice exhibited increased mortality and morbidity with higher viral load after infection with influenza virus A/FM/1/47 (H1N1, a mouse-adapted strain) compared with wild-type (WT) mice, though the viruses were finally eliminated in both groups. The levels of proinflammatory cytokines in the lungs were significantly higher, while the level of IL-10 in the lungs was significantly lower in IFNAR KO mice than in WT mice during the course of infection. Restoration of IL-10 during an ongoing virus infection significantly reduced the levels of proinflammatory cytokines and improved mortality of IFNAR KO mice. These results suggest that type I IFNs are responsible not only for direct resolution of viral load but also for suppression of immunopathology caused by influenza A virus through IL-10 production.

No abstract

Human norovirus is a major cause of viral acute gastroenteritis worldwide. However, the transition of endemic norovirus genotypes remains poorly understood. The characteristics of natural immunity against norovirus are unclear because few studies have been performed in the natural infection setting. This prospective 10-year surveillance study of acute gastroenteritis in the province of Osaka, Japan, revealed that norovirus spread shows temporal, geographic, and age group-specific features in the humans. Genogroup II genotype 4 (GII.4) was detected in most sporadic pediatric cases, as well as in foodborne and nursing home outbreaks, respectively. The dominant genotypes in outbreaks at childcare facilities and schools shifted every season and involved GI, GII.2, GII.3, GII.4, and GII.6. Evidence at both the facility and individual levels indicated that genotype-specific herd immunity lasted long enough to influence the endemic norovirus genotype in the next season. Thus, norovirus circulates through human populations in a uniquely dynamic fashion.

Highly pathogenic influenza A viruses cause acute severe pneumonia to which the occurrence of "cytokine storm" has been proposed to contribute. Here we show that interleukin-15 (IL-15) knockout (KO) mice exhibited reduced mortality after infection with influenza virus A/FM/1/47 (H1N1, a mouse-adapted strain) albeit the viral titers of these mice showed no difference from those of control mice. There were significantly fewer antigen-specific CD44