Regulatory T cells (Treg) play essential roles in maintaining immune homeostasis. Resident Treg in visceral adipose tissue (VAT-Treg) decrease in male obese mice, which leads to the development of obesity-associated chronic inflammations and insulin resistance. Although gender differences in immune responses have been reported, the effects of the difference in metabolic environment on VAT-Treg are unclear. We investigated the localization of VAT-Treg in female mice in comparison with that in male mice. On a high-fat diet (HFD), VAT-Treg decreased in male mice but increased in female mice. The increase was abolished in ovariectomized and HFD-fed mice, but was restored by estrogen supplementation. The IL33 receptor ST2, which is important for the localization and maturation of VAT-Treg in males, was reduced in CD4 + CD25 + T cells isolated from gonadal fat of obese mice of both genders, suggesting that a different system exists for VAT-Treg localization in females. Extensive analysis of chemokine expression in gonadal fat and adipose CD4 + CD25 + T cells revealed several chemokine signals related to female-specific VAT-Treg accumulation such as CCL24, CCR6, and CXCR3. Taken together, the current study demonstrated sexual dimorphism in VAT-Treg localization in obese mice. Estrogen may attenuate obesity-associated chronic inflammation partly through altering chemokine-related VAT-Treg localization in females.
A switch of viral hemagglutinin receptor binding specificity from bird-type α2,3- to human-type α2,6-linked sialic acid is necessary for an avian influenza virus to become a pandemic virus. In this study, an easy-to-use strip test to detect receptor binding specificity of influenza virus was developed. A biotinylated anti-hemagglutinin antibody that bound a broad range of group 1 influenza A viruses and latex-conjugated α2,3 (blue) and α2,6 (red) sialylglycopolymers were used in an immunochromatographic strip test, with avidin and lectin immobilized on a nitrocellulose membrane at test and control lines, respectively. Accumulation of a sialylglycopolymer-virus-antibody complex at the test line was visualized by eye. The strip test could be completed in 30min and did not require special equipment or skills, thereby avoiding some disadvantages of current methods for analyzing receptor binding specificity of influenza virus. The strip test could detect the receptor binding specificity of a wide range of influenza viruses, as well as small increases in the binding affinity of variant H5N1 viruses to α2,6 sialylglycans at viral titers >128 hemagglutination units. The strip test results were in agreement with those of ELISA virus binding assays, with correlations >0.95. In conclusion, the immunochromatographic strip test developed in this study should be useful for monitoring potential changes in the receptor binding specificity of group 1 influenza A viruses in the field.
Pneumocephalus is a rare complication of epidural block. We report a case of pneumocephalus complicating an epidural blood patch performed 3 days after unintentional dural puncture. Pneumocephalus may occur during an epidural blood patch procedure, even if the epidural needle tip is within the epidural space.
A decrease in serum estrogen levels in menopause is closely associated with the development of visceral obesity and the onset of type 2 diabetes in women. In the present study, we demonstrated the therapeutic effects of the novel DPP4 inhibitor, teneligliptin, on the features of postmenopausal obesity in mice. In the control group, female C57BL/6 mice were sham-operated and maintained on a standard diet. In the postmenopausal obese group, ovariectomized (OVX) mice were maintained on a high-fat diet, and were referred to as OVX-HF. In the treated group, teneligliptin at 60 mg/kg per day was administrated to OVX-HF, and were referred to as Tene. After a 12-week food challenge, the metabolic phenotypes of these mice were analyzed. Body weight, fat accumulation, and glucose intolerance were greater in OVX-HF than in control, while these abnormalities were markedly improved without alterations in calorie intake in Tene. Teneligliptin effectively ameliorated the characteristics of metabolic abnormalities associated with postmenopausal obesity. Regarding chronic inflammation in visceral adipose tissue, the numbers of F4/80K M1-macrophages in flow cytometry, crown-like structure formation in immunohistochemistry, and proinflammatory cytokine expression were significantly attenuated in Tene. Hepatic steatosis was also markedly improved. Furthermore, decreased energy consumption in the dark and light phases, reduced locomotor activity in the dark phase, and lowered core body temperature in OVX-HF were ameliorated in Tene. Since obesity and reduced energy metabolism are a common physiology of menopause, teneligliptin appears to be beneficial as a treatment for type 2 diabetes in postmenopausal obesity. Key Words" dpp4 inhibitor " adipose tissue macrophage " energy expenditure " insulin resistance
UV-exposition is considered as the main reason for the development of cancers of the skin. However, 90 to 100% of the Vitamin-D reqirement is formed within the skin through the action of sunlight. Considering the results of epidemiological studies, that have detected an association of Vitamin-D deficiency with various types of cancer (e.g. colon-, prostate-and breast cancer), this is a real dilema. The cancer protective effect of vitamin-D is contributed to the extra renal, local production of 1a,25(OH) 2 D 3 by the 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1a-hydroxylase, which has been detected in various tissues. In respect of the novel functions of vitamin-D and the risk of adverse consequences in case of deficiency we have screened sun deprived risk groups (A: patients with genodermatoses connected with defects in sun-induced DNA repair: n ¼ 4: 3 patients with xeroderma pigmentosum and 1 patient with basal cell nevus syndrome; and B: non vitamin-D substituted renal transplant recipients under immunosuppressants: n ¼ 33) for their vitamin-D status. As measure of the vitamin-D store and as substrate for the 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1a-hydroxylase basal 25(OH)D 3 serum levels (Nichols Institute Diagnostika GmbH, Bad Nauheim, Germany) have been analysed. In both groups decreased basal 25(OH)D 3 serum levels were detected. Therefore we demand a monitoring of vitamin-D status in patients practising sun protection, in case of vitamin-D deficiency an oral substitution should be recommended.Effect of UVB radiation emitted from the narrowband TL-01 lamp (311 nm) on the calcitriol synthesis in organotypic cultures of keratinocytesThe skin is the only tissue yet known in which the complete UVB-induced pathway from 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC) to hormonally active calcitriol (1a,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 ) occurs under physiological conditions. It is well known that both calcitriol and UVB radiation exert potent antipsoriatic effects. We speculate that the therapeutic effect of UVB radiation can be
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.