Changes in the environment occur in cities due to increased urbanization and population growth. Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 11 is intrinsically linked to the environment, one facet of which is the need for universal access to secure, inclusive, and accessible green and public places. As urban heat islands (UHI) have the potential to negatively influence cities and their residents, existing resources and data must be used to identify and quantify these effects. To address this, we present the use of satellite-derived (2013–2022) and meteorological data (2014–2020) to assess intra-urban heat islands in Manila City, Philippines. The assessment includes (a) understanding the temporal variability of air temperature measurements and outdoor thermal comfort based on meteorological data, (b) comparative and correlative analysis between common Land-Use Land Cover indicators (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) and Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI)) and Land Surface Temperature (LST), (c) spatial and temporal analysis of LST using spatial statistics techniques, and (d) generation of an intra-urban heat island (IUHI) map with a recommended class of action using a suitability analysis model. Finally, the areas that need intervention are compared to the affected population, and suggestions to enhance the thermal characteristics of the city and mitigate the effects of UHI are established.
This study presents factors influencing household waste generation per capita in two local towns. Points such as household waste composition, trash-bag weight, frequency of waste discharge and social behaviors related to waste reduction were investigated using a field survey and questionnaire. Combustible household waste became the main focus for this study due to its significant contribution to total household waste volume. Factors such as ratio of self-disposal, weight of discharged household waste and waste-bag discharge totals per day per capita were found to vary between the two towns. A difference of approximately 1.8 times the estimated amount of combustible household waste generation per capita between the two towns was revealed. Influencing factors on household waste generation per capita in these towns were investigated using the quantification theory type I. It was found that self-disposal, the number of people per household and occupation influenced the generation of household waste. In particular, self-disposal of yard waste significantly influenced this difference in waste generation between the two towns. In order to further reduce waste generation in local towns, food and yard waste composting at the home is effective.
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