A photoinduced palladium-catalyzed 1,2-carbofunctionalization of
conjugated dienes has been developed. This mild modular approach,
which does not require employment of exogeneous photosensitizers and
external oxidants, allows for efficient and highly regio- and stereoselective
synthesis of a broad range of allylic amines from readily available
1,3-dienes, alkyl iodides, and amines. Employment of O- and C-nucleophiles
toward oxyalkylation and dialkylation products was also demonstrated.
A putative π-allyl palladium radical-polar crossover path is
proposed as a key event in this three-component coupling process.
The utility of this protocol is highlighted by its application for
derivatization of several amine-containing drugs.
The
oxyindation of carbonyl-ene-yne compounds with indium trihalides
proceeded efficiently to give di-, tri-, and tetrasubstituted 2-pyrones
bearing a carbon–indium bond. The metalated 2-pyrone and a
zwitterion intermediate were identified by X-ray crystallographic
analysis. The application of organoindium compounds to oxidation or
cross-coupling provided easy access to various multifunctionalized
2-pyrones. Some 2-pyrone derivatives show intense fluorescence only
in the solid state (aggregation-induced emission).
Hydrofunctionalization is one of the most important transformation reactions of alkenes. Herein, we describe the development of an indium-triiodide-catalyzed hydrofunctionalization of alkenes bearing a hydroxy group using various types of organosilicon nucleophiles. Indium triiodide was the most effective catalyst, whereas typical Lewis acids such as TiCl, AlCl, and BF·OEt were ineffective. Many functional groups were successfully introduced, and these resulted in yields of 31-86%. Various styrene derivatives were also applicable to this reaction. Mechanistic investigation revealed that the present hydrofunctionalization proceeded through Brønsted acid-catalyzed intramolecular hydroalkoxylation of alkenes followed by InI-catalyzed substitution reaction of cyclic ether intermediates.
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