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Objective: To effectively utilize crop by-product resources to address the shortage of animal feed during the dry season in Africa, the community of natural lactic acid bacteria (LAB) of corn stover and sugarcane tops and fermentation characteristics of silage were studied in Mozambique.Methods: Corn stover and sugarcane tops were obtained from agricultural field in Mozambique. Silage was prepared with LAB inoculant and cellulase enzyme and their fermentation quality and microbial population were analyzed.Results: Aerobic bacteria were the dominant population with 10⁷ colony-forming unit/g of fresh matter in both crops prior to ensiling, while 10⁴ to 10⁷ LAB became the dominant bacteria during ensiling. <i>Lactobacillus plantarum</i> was more than 76.30% of total isolates which dominated silage fermentation in the LAB-treated sugarcane top silages or all corn stover silages. Fresh corn stover and sugarcane tops contain 65.05% to 76.10% neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and 6.52% to 6.77% crude protein (CP) on a dry matter basis, and these nutrients did not change greatly during ensiling. Corn stover exhibits higher LAB counts and watersoluble carbohydrates content than sugarcane top, which are naturally suited for ensiling. Meanwhile, sugarcane tops require LAB or cellulase additives for high quality of silage making.Conclusion: This study confirms that both crop by-products contain certain nutrients of CP and NDF that could be well-preserved in silage, and that they are potential roughage resources that could cover livestock feed shortages during the dry season in Africa.

Tolerância à seca em plantas não é uma característica simples, mas sim um complexo de mecanismos que trabalham em conjunto ou isoladamente para evitar ou tolerar períodos de déficit hídrico. Genótipos que diferem em tolerância ao déficit hídrico devem apresentar diferenças qualitativas e quantitativas na expressão gênica quando submetidos a períodos de seca. Três cultivares de soja (BR-4, BR-16 e MG/BR-46 Conquista), com respostas contrastantes ao déficit hídrico, foram estudadas com o uso da técnica "Differential Display" (DD) para identificar e isolar genes que podem apresentar diferenças de expressão durante períodos de seca entre os genótipos estudados. Um total de 84 fragmentos de DNAc diferencialmente expressos foram detectados. Trinta e cinco fragmentos foram clonados em vetores pGEM-T, onde vinte e oito puderam ser seqüenciados. Comparação das seqüências obtidas com seqüências em bancos de genes mostraram identidade de seqüência com genes conhecidos. Um dos clones, por exemplo, mostrou homologia com um ativador de transcrição encontrado em Arabidopsis thaliana, ao passo que outro clone mostrou-se homólogo a uma subunidade de NADH Desidrogenase de Spinacia oleracea. O ativador de transcrição apresentou-se diferencialmente expresso somente em raízes, e o homólogo à subunidade de NADH Desidrogenase foi expresso somente no genótipo considerado tolerante à seca e somente durante a condição de estresse hídrico. Pelos resultados deste trabalho, foi possível identificar alguns fragmentos potencialmente envolvidos em respostas à condição de seca em soja. Com essas informações, o estudo desses genes pode ser aprofundado, visando à confirmação desses resultados e a auxiliar no desenvolvimento de novos genótipos mais adaptados às condições de seca em soja e possivelmente em outras culturas.

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To facilitate the use of woody plant (WP) as a natural biomass resource to address the shortage of feed for ruminants in the tropics, we use PacBio SMRT sequencing to explore the microbial co-occurrence network and silage fermentation of gliricidia and leucaena prepared with Napier grass (NG) and corn stover (CS) in Southern Africa. Based on dry matter, the crude protein contents of WP are as high as 25%. Compared with NG, the addition of CS speed up the dynamic succession of microorganisms in the silage fermentation process from Gram-negative bacteria to Gram-positive bacteria, and promoted Lactiplantibacillus plantarum to become the dominant community and enhanced the metabolic pathways of lactic acid and citric acid, thus improved the fermentation flavour and quality of WP silage. WP can be mixed with CS to make high-quality silage, which can alleviate the shortage of feed and promote local animal production.

Objective: To measure whether a microbial additive could effectively improve the fermentation quality of delayed-sealing (DS) silage, we studied the effects of inoculants of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and cellulase enzyme on microbial populations, ensiling characteristics, and spoilage loss of DS silage of Napier grass in Africa.Methods: Quick-sealing (QS) and DS silages were prepared with and without LAB (Lactobacillus plantarum) inoculant, cellulase enzymes, and their combination. The QS material was directly chopped and packed into a bunker silo. The DS material was packed into the silo with a delay of 24 h from harvest.Results: In the QS silage, LAB was dominant in the microbial population and produced large amounts of lactic acid. When the silage was treated with LAB and cellulase, the fermentation quality was improved. In the DS silage, aerobic bacteria and yeasts were the dominant microbes and all the silages were of poor quality. The yeast and mold counts in the DS silage were high, and they increased rapidly during aerobic exposure. As a result, the DS silages spoiled faster than the QS silages upon aerobic exposure.Conclusion: DS results in poor silage fermentation and aerobic deterioration. The microbial additive improved QS silage fermentation but was not effective for DS silage.

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