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The genetic differences among three colour morphotypes of the black rockish, Sebastes inermis, were determined from mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP) analyses. In the AFLP analysis, each morphotype could be distinguished by the presence or absence matrix of five AFLP loci. These diagnostic loci indicated that the three morphotypes represented independent gene pools, indicating reproductive isolation. Furthermore, 14 significant frequency differences in AFLP fragments were observed between morphotypes A and B, 12 between morphotypes A and C and six between morphotypes B and C. These significant differences also supported the likelihood of reproductive isolation among the morphotypes. In the mtDNA analysis, variations in partial sequences of the control region failed to distinguish clearly between the three morphotypes, but restrictions of gene flow and genetic differentiation among the morphotypes were supported by significant FST estimates. The absence of diagnostic mtDNA differences in this study may have been due to introgressive hybridization among the morphotypes and/or incomplete lineage sorting, due to the recency of speciation.

The molecular phylogeny of the Careproctus rastrinus species complex is presented on the basis of sequence variations in the 16S rRNA and cytochrome b genes (1,447 base pairs) of mitochondrial DNA using specimens collected from across the North Pacific and its marginal seas,

The phylogenetic relationships of all 16 genera (plus Psenes pellucidus) of the suborder Stromateoidei were estimated cladistically based on 43 osteological, myological, and external characters. Thirty equally parsimonious trees were obtained. Based on the strict consensus tree, Centrolophidae was nonmonophyletic, Psenopsis being placed as a sister group of a clade comprising Amarsipus, Ariomma, nomeids, Tetragonurus, and stromateids. Schedophilus formed a sister group relationship with Seriolella. The relationships among the Centrolophus, Hyperoglyphe, Icichthys, Tubbia, Schedophilus ϩ Seriolella clade, and Psenopsis ϩ Amarsipus ϩ Ariomma ϩ nomeids ϩ Tetragonurus ϩ stromateids clade were unresolved. Amarsipus, which is unique within the suborder in lacking a pharyngeal sac, was nested within the stromateoid clade, being a sister group of the clade including Ariomma, nomeids, Tetragonurus, and stromateids. The absence of a pharyngeal sac in Amarsipus was interpreted as a reversal, its presence in the Stromateoidei therefore being considered as a synapomorphy. Ariomma was placed as the sister group of a clade comprising nomeids, Tetragonurus, and stromateids. Monophyly of the Nomeidae and Stromateidae were supported by 2 and 11 synapomorphies, respectively.

Herein we review and recognize as valid all previously described species of the Careproctus rastrinus complex based on morphological evidence, provide diagnoses and descriptions of all species, describe a new species from the Beaufort Sea, and address the misapplication of several names throughout the area. In particular, the name C. rastrinus is restricted to populations of the western Pacific and is known conclusively only from the Sea of Okhotsk. Careproctus acanthodes, from the Sea of Japan and Sea of Okhotsk, and C. pellucidus, from the Pacific Ocean side of northern Japan, are resurrected from synonymy with C. rastrinus. Populations of the eastern Pacific previously routinely identified as C. rastrinus are recognized under two names: C. scottae, a name that is applied to deeper water Bering Sea, Aleutian Islands, and eastern Pacific populations having a postorbital pore, and Careproctus phasma, applied to shallow water populations of the Bering Sea and Gulf of Alaska lacking a postorbital pore. Although we consider Careproctus spectrum valid, the species has been routinely misidentified and is presently known only from the type series. Careproctus lerikimae is a new species described from the Beaufort Sea, diagnosed from other species of the C. rastrinus complex by the absence of the postorbital pore and higher median fin and vertebral counts.

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