A total of 349 Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Choleraesuis (S. Choleraesuis) strains, which were isolated between 2008 and 2012 from 349 pigs at two slaughterhouses in Okinawa Prefecture, Japan, were investigated for antimicrobial susceptibility and the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes. All isolates were resistant to at least four antimicrobial agents. The antimicrobial agents for which isolates showed a high incidence of resistance were as follows: ampicillin (100%) and streptomycin (100%), followed by gentamicin (99.7%), oxytetracycline (99.7%), sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (99.4%), nalidixic acid (40.1%) and oxolinic acid (40.1%). All isolates were sensitive to cefuroxime, ceftiofur, colistin, fosfomycin, enrofloxacin, orbifloxacin and danofloxacin. The predominant resistance phenotypes and genotypes were: resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, gentamicin, oxytetracycline and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (58.5%, 204/349) and blaTEM-strA-strB-aadA1-aadA2-aacC2-tet (B)-sul1-sul2-dhfrXII-dhfrXIII (36.1%, 126/349). The quinolone resistance-determining regions (QRDRs) of gyrA, gyrB, parC and parE of the quinolone-resistant isolates (n=12) showed amino acid substitutions of Ser-83→Phe or Asp-87→Tyr in GyrA and Ser-107→Ala in ParC. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the molecular characterization of antimicrobial resistance among S. Choleraesuis strains in Japan.

Number of tables: 6 2 AbstractPurpose Airway management in severe bronchial asthma exacerbation (BAE) carries very high risk and should be performed by experienced providers. However, no objective data are available on the association between the laryngoscopist's specialty and endotracheal intubation (ETI)-related adverse events in patients with severe bronchial asthma. In this paper, we compare emergency ETI-related adverse events in patients with severe BAE between anesthesiologists and other specialists.Methods This historical cohort study was conducted at a Japanese teaching hospital. We analyzed all BAE patients who underwent ETI in our emergency department from January 2002 to January 2014.Primary exposure was the specialty of the first laryngoscopist (anesthesiologist vs. other specialist).The primary outcome measure was the occurrence of an ETI-related adverse event, including severe bronchospasm after laryngoscopy, hypoxemia, regurgitation, unrecognized esophageal intubation, and ventricular tachycardia. Conclusion Anesthesiologist as first exposure was independently associated with attenuated risk of 3 ETI-related adverse events in patients with severe BAE. The skill and knowledge of anesthesiologists should be applied to high-risk airway management whenever possible. Results

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