Objective: There is a high prevalence of inadequate dose adjustment among inpatients with renal insufficiency worldwide. There is, however, a paucity of studies that summarizes the topic in the African context. Therefore, this study aims to summarize the prevalence of inappropriate drug dose adjustment (IDDA) and associated factors among inpatients with renal impairment in Africa. Methods: A literature search for English-language articles was conducted using reputable databases such as PubMed/MEDLINE, Google Scholar, and Science Direct. The search was carried out between 3 February and 3 March of 2022. All published articles that were online at the time of data collection were considered. Observational studies that examined the prevalence of IDDA for any type of drug in renal impairment as a primary or secondary outcome were included in our analysis. Statistical software such as Open Meta Analyst and Review Manager were used to examine outcome measures. I2 statistics, Logit event rate, and Der Simonian and Laird’s random effect models were also used. Results: Seven articles were qualified for the systematic review and meta-analysis. All included studies comprised a total of 1918 patients. A total of 5072 prescriptions were assessed, and 1879 (37%) of them had at least one drug that required a dose adjustment. The pooled prevalence of IDDA among adult patients with renal impairment was 13.7% (95% confidence interval (CI) = 7.9%–19.5%) in Africa. Based on the number of prescriptions containing medications that required dose adjustment, the pooled prevalence accounts for 39.3% (95% CI = 24.1%–54.4%) (932/1879). Factors associated with inappropriate drug prescribing and usage concerning renal function were the number/types of prescribed medicines (most common), age, stage of renal impairment, comorbidity, and unemployment. Conclusions: In this study, IDDA practice appears to be a common challenge among inpatients with renal insufficiency in Africa. The number and type of medications prescribed, age, stage of renal impairment, comorbidity, and unemployment were factors associated with inappropriate drug prescribing and use. In addition to expanding such studies, hospitals across Africa must conduct research on the clinical outcomes of IDDA practices in patients with renal impairment.
Background: Though there are reports about V. auriculifera antimicrobial activity, there is not enough information about its activity on some of the bacterial and fungal species. Besides, there was no quantitative evaluation done for phytochemicals previously. Therefore, the main purpose of this research work is to evaluate the antimicrobial activity and quantitative evaluation of the phenol and flavonoid contents of V. auriculifera. Objectives: The objective of this study was to conduct the antimicrobial and quantitative evaluation of a sequentially extracted leaf of Vernonia auriculifera Hiern. Methods: The leaves of the plant were cleaned with tap water and air-dried. The grounded leaf product was subsequently extracted by hexane, chloroform, and methanol in maceration flasks. Then the total phenol and total flavonoid content in each extract were determined. Standard strains of bacterial and fungal species were used to assess the antibacterial, antifungal susceptibility test and to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration of crude extract. Result: Extraction yield for hexane, chloroform, and methanol was 0.6±0.05%, 1.7±0.02%, and 3.3±0.01% respectively. The total phenolic content of methanol extract was 72.998 ± 0.002 mg GAE /g. The total flavonoid content of hexane and chloroform extracts were 2.59 ± 0.004 mg QE/g and 9.6 ± 0.02 mg QE/g respectively. The antimicrobial activity test showed the chloroform extract was the most active against all test microorganisms. Conclusion: This study has shown the activity of V. auriculifera against selected microorganisms of study. The chloroform extract was the most active as compared to the hexane and methanol extracts.
Background: Though there are reports about V. auriculifera antimicrobial activity, there is not enough information about its activity on some of the bacterial and fungal species. Besides, there was no quantitative evaluation done for phytochemicals previously. Therefore, the main purpose of this research work is to evaluate the antimicrobial activity and quantitative evaluation of the phenol and flavonoid contents V. auriculifera. Objectives: The objective of this study was to conduct the antimicrobial and quantitative evaluation of a sequentially extracted leaf of Vernonia auriculifera Hiern. Methods: The leave samples of Vernonia auriculifera were collected from Hawassa Zuria woreda, Sidama region of Ethiopia. The collected leaves of the plant were cleaned with tap water and air-dried. Then, it was coarsely powdered by mortar and pestle. The extractive value of the leaf part of the plant was determined in different solvents. The grounded leaf product was subsequently extracted by hexane, chloroform, and methanol in maceration conical flasks. The phytochemical screening was done for each extract. Then the total phenol and total flavonoid content in each extract were determined. Standard strains of bacterial and fungal species were used to assess the antibacterial, antifungal susceptibility test and to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration of crude extract. Result: Extraction yield for hexane, chloroform, and methanol was 0.6±0.05%, 1.7±0.02%, and 3.3±0.01% respectively. Phytochemical screening has shown the presence of multiple constituents. The TLC analysis depicted the presence of a different number of constituents in three extracts. The total phenolic content of methanol extract was 72.998 ± 0.002 mg GAE /g. The total flavonoid content of hexane and chloroform extracts were 2.59 ± 0.004 mg QE/g and 9.6 ± 0.02 mg QE/g respectively. The antimicrobial activity test showed the chloroform extract was the most active against all test microorganisms. Conclusion: This study has shown the activity of V. auriculifera against selected microorganisms of study. This plant could be used as a crude drug to treat infection caused by these pathogenic microorganisms. It had enough phenol and flavonoid amount that made V. auriculifera exhibit its biological activity.
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