We describe here (1) the heterogeneous expression of Ca 2+ -independent transient (A-type) K + channel K K-subunits (Kv1.4, Kv3.3, Kv3.4, Kv4.2 and Kv4.3) in rat smooth muscle, heart and brain, (2) the molecular cloning and tissue distribution of a novel alternatively spliced variant of an A-type K + channel K K-subunit, Kv4.3, and (3) The longer splice variant is very weakly expressed in brain, but is the major product in heart. z 1997 Federation of European Biochemical Societies.

A novel class of potent, selective, and orally active non-peptide bradykinin (BK) B2 receptor antagonists were designed and synthesized starting from 8-benzyloxyimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine derivative 2. The unique screening lead (2) was discovered by a two-step intentional random screening process, involving recognition of the relationship between BK and angiotensin II (Ang II) and the common structural features. Systematic chemical modification of 2 elucidated the structural requirements essential for B2 binding affinity leading to the identification of 8-[[3-(N-acylglycyl-N-methylamino)-2,6-dichlorobenzyl]oxy]-3-halo- 2- methylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine skeleton as the basic framework of this new series of B2 antagonists. A molecular modeling study suggested the key role of the N-methylanilide moiety at the 3-position of the 2,6-dichlorobenzene ring to allow these compounds to adopt the characteristic active conformation. The representative lead compounds inhibited the specific binding of [3H]BK to guinea pig ileum membrane preparations expressing B2 receptors, with nanomolar IC50S and also displayed in vivo functional antagonistic activities against BK-induced bronchoconstriction in guinea pigs at an oral dose of 1 mg/kg. Pharmacokinetic studies of compounds 47c and 50b in rats highlighted their excellent oral bioavailabilities, indicating that they represent the first orally active non-peptide B2 antagonists reported to date.

An orally active, nonpeptide bradykinin (BK) B2 receptor antagonist, FR173657 (E)‐3‐(6‐acetamido‐3‐pyridyl)‐N‐[N‐[2‐4‐dichloro‐3‐[(2‐methyl‐8‐quinolinyl) oxymethyl]phenyl]‐N‐methylaminocarbonyl‐methyl]acrylamide) has been identified. This compound displaced [3H]‐BK binding to B2 receptors present in guinea‐pig ileum membranes with an IC50 of 5.6 × 10−10 M and in rat uterus with an IC50 of 1.5 × 10−9 M. It did not inhibit different specific radio‐ligand binding to other receptor sites. In human lung fibroblast IMR‐90 cells, FR173657 displaced [3H]‐BK binding to B2 receptors with an IC50 of 2.9 × 10−9 M and a Ki of 3.6 × 10−10 M, but did not reduce [3H]‐des‐Arg10‐kallidin binding to B1, receptors. In guinea‐pig isolated preparations, FR173657 antagonized BK‐induced contractions with an IC50 of 7.9 × 10−9 M, but did not antagonize acetylcholine or histamine‐induced contractions even at a concentration of 10−6 M. FR173657 caused parallel rightward shifts of the concentration‐response curves to BK at concentrations of 10−9 M and 3.2 × 10−9 M, and a little depression of the maximal response in addition to the parallel rightward shift of the concentration‐response curve at a concentration of 10−8 M. Analysis of the data yield a pA2 of 9.2 ± 0.2 (n = 5) and a slope of 1.5 ± 0.2 (n = 5). In vivo, the oral administration of FR173657 inhibited BK‐induced bronchoconstriction dose‐dependently in guinea‐pigs with an ED50 of 0.075 mg kg−1, but did not inhibit histamine‐induced bronchoconstriction even at 1 mg kg−1. FR173657 also inhibited carrageenin‐induced paw oedema with an ED50 of 6.8 mg kg−1 2 h after the carrageenin injection in rats. These results show that FR173657 is a potent, selective, and orally active bradykinin B2 receptor antagonist.

In the course of our studies on non-peptide bradykinin (BK) B(2) receptor ligands, it was suggested that the 4-substituent of the quinoline ring may play a critical role in determining binding affinities for human and guinea pig B(2) receptors, as well as agonist/antagonist properties. We carried out an extensive investigation to elucidate the structure-activity relationships (SAR) for this key pharmacophore. Introduction of lower alkoxy groups to the 4-position of the quinoline ring of 3 led to the identification of 4-ethoxy derivative 22b as a unique partial agonist. This compound significantly stimulated inositol phosphates (IPs) formation in Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing the cloned human B(2) receptor at concentrations greater than 10 nM and displayed one-tenth of the intrinsic activity of BK. The agonist activity of 22b was selective for the B(2) receptor and was inhibited by selective peptide and non-peptide B(2) antagonists. On the other hand, 22b strongly suppressed BK-induced IPs formation through the cloned human B(2) receptor. Further studies on the key pharmacophore led to identification of a 2-picolyloxy moiety as a powerful agonist switch, leading to the discovery of a potent and efficacious non-peptide B(2) agonist, 19a. Successive optimization of the acyl side chain afforded 38, which exhibited full agonist activity on stimulation of IPs formation. Furthermore, this strategy could be applied successfully to the benzimidazole series. The representative 1-(2-picolyl)benzimidazole derivative 47c increased PGE(2) production at a 1 microM concentration to the same level as the maximum effect of BK. Thus, we have established the medicinal chemistry modifications required to convert our highly potent non-peptide B(2) antagonists to agonists with potent efficacy.

Recently we reported on overcoming the species difference of our first orally active non-peptide bradykinin (BK) B2 receptor antagonists, incorporating an 8-[[3-(N-acylglycyl-N-methylamino)-2, 6-dichlorobenzyl]oxy]-3-halo-2-methylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine skeleton, leading to identification of the first clinical candidate 4a (FR167344). With this potent new lead compound in hand, we then investigated further refinement of the basic framework by replacement of the imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine moiety and discovered several bioisosteric heterocycles. Extensive optimization of these new heteroaromatic derivatives revealed the detailed structure-activity relationships (SAR) around the imidazo[1, 2-a]pyridine ring and the 2,6-dichlorobenzyl moiety, leading to the discovery of our second clinical candidate 87b (FR173657) which inhibited the specific binding of [3H]BK to recombinant human B2 receptors expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and guinea pig ileum membrane preparations expressing B2 receptors with IC50's of 1.4 and 0.46 nM, respectively. This compound also displayed excellent in vivo functional antagonistic activity against BK-induced bronchoconstriction in guinea pigs with an ED50 value of 0.075 mg/kg by oral administration. Further modifications of the terminal substituents on the pyridine moiety led to a novel pharmacophore and resulted in the identification of 99 (FR184280), whose IC50 value for human B2 receptors (0.51 nM) was comparable to that of the second-generation peptide B2 antagonist Icatibant.

No abstract

Kinins, members of a family of peptides released from kininogens by the action of kallikreins, exhibit a variety of biological activities including vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, contraction of smooth muscle cells, and activation of sensory neurons. However, investigation of the physiological actions of kinins has been greatly hampered because its effects are curtailed by rapid proteolysis in blood, lung, and liver. We describe the pharmacological characteristics of a novel nonpeptide bradykinin receptor agonist FR190997 (8-[2,6-dichloro-3-[N-[(E)-4-(N-methylcarbamoyl)cinnamidoacetyl ]-N-methylamino]benzyloxy]-2-methyl-4-(2-pyridylmethoxy)quinoli ne). FR190997 markedly stimulated phosphatidylinositol hydrolysis in Chinese hamster ovary cells permanently expressing the human bradykinin B2 receptor. The response of phosphatidylinositol hydrolysis was antagonized by the B2 receptor selective antagonist Hoe 140 (D-Arg-[hydroxyproline3,beta-thienylalanine4,D-Tic7,++ +Oic8]bradykinin). In competitive experiments using membranes prepared from Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing the human bradykinin receptor subtypes, FR190997 showed a high affinity binding to the B2 receptor with IC50 value of 5.3 nM and no binding affinity for the B1 receptor. In vivo, FR190997 mimics the biological action of bradykinin and induces hypotensive responses in rats with prolonged duration. Therefore, FR190997 is a highly potent and subtype-selective nonpeptide agonist which displays high intrinsic activity. This compound should represent a powerful tool for further investigation of the physiology and pathophysiology of bradykinin receptors.

Recently we reported the identification of a series of 8-[[3-(N-acylglycyl-N-methylamino)-2, 6-dichlorobenzyl]oxy]-3-halo-2-methylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines as the first orally active non-peptide bradykinin (BK) B2 receptor antagonists (1-3). These compounds inhibited the specific binding of [3H]BK to guinea pig ileum membrane preparations expressing B2 receptors with nanomolar IC50's and also displayed in vivo functional antagonistic activities against BK-induced bronchoconstriction in guinea pigs at 1 mg/kg by oral administration. However, it was found that their affinities for the B2 receptors in human A-431 cells (human epidermoid carcinoma) were much lower. Intensive modifications of the terminal substituents at the glycine moiety elucidated the structure-activity relationships (SAR) for human B2 receptors, leading to an extended basic framework which incorporated a novel key pharmacophore. Thus, we overcame the species difference and identified the first clinical candidate 18c (FR167344) with IC50's of 0.66 and 1.4 nM for guinea pig ileum and human A-431 cells, respectively. This compound displayed in vivo functional antagonistic activity against BK-induced bronchoconstriction in guinea pigs with an ED50 value of 0.17 mg/kg by oral administration. This novel non-peptide B2 antagonist is extremely potent both in vitro and in vivo by oral administration and is expected to be the first member of a new class of drug for the treatment of various inflammatory diseases.