Among children with respiratory tract infections and wheeze, a positive LUS seems to distinguish between clinical syndromes by ruling in pneumonia and ruling out asthma. If confirmed in future studies, LUS may emerge as a point-of-care tool to guide diagnosis and disposition in young children with wheeze.

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Household transmission is an important contributor to the spread of SARS-CoV-2 infection. [1][2][3][4][5] Household exposure to an infected person is associated with a 10-fold higher risk of infection compared to exposure outside the home. 6 However, the reported rate of SARS-CoV-2 spread within households depends on the surveillance

This study suggests that low-fidelity simulators are non-inferior to the more costly high-fidelity simulators for teaching NTS to postgraduate medical trainees.

The presence of a foreign body (FB), its depth and size, is often indeterminate by clinical examination. Conventional imaging such as a radiograph can fail to visualize soft tissue FBs. We present 2 cases where point-of-care ultrasound was used to detect previously unidentified FBs.

Objective:The tibial toddler's fracture is an important diagnosis in both emergency and urgent care, presenting as acute onset lower extremity pain or limping in a young child. Diagnosis and management may be challenging because of an extensive differential diagnosis. The objectives of this study were to provide an overview of the toddler's fracture and to guide clinicians by summarizing up to date literature for both diagnosis and management this common condition.Methods: This study analyzed literature from the PubMed database from the years of 1964 to 2018. The main focus was on the diagnosis and management of the toddler's fracture.Results: This review demonstrates that diagnosis is primarily made through history and physical examination, as radiographs are often negative at initial presentation. Treatment involves a short period of immobilization, which can be facilitated through the use of a cast, a splint, or no external support. Successful healing and a full return to normal activities and development are near universal.Conclusions: Although a stable fracture with an excellent prognosis, opportunities exist to improve toddler's fractures diagnosis and treatment protocols, to optimize clinical management.

direct observation, coupled with the social expectation that residents should be responsible for ensuring observations occur, was identified as a key barrier. Additionally, competing demands identified across multiple TDF domains emerged as an important and pervasive theme. Conclusion: This study identified key barriers and enablers to direct observation. The influencing factors identified in this study provide a basis for the development of potential strategies aimed at embedding direct observation as a routine pedagogical practice in residency training. Keywords: direct observation, residency education, assessment LO38 Does spaced instructional design result in improved retention of pediatric resuscitation skills? A randomized education study C. Patocka, MD, MHPE, A. Cheng, MD, M. Sibbald, MD, MHPE, PhD, J. Duff, MD, A. Lai, MD, P. Lee-Nobbee, MD, H. Levin, MD, T. Varshney, MD, CM, B. Weber, MD, T. Abedin, MSc, F. Bhanji, MD, MSc (Ed), University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Calgary, AB Introduction: Survival from cardiac arrest has been linked to the quality of resuscitation care. Unfortunately, healthcare providers frequently underperform in these critical scenarios, with a well-documented deterioration in skills weeks to months following advanced life support courses. Improving initial training and preventing decay in knowledge and skills are a priority in resuscitation education. The spacing effect has repeatedly been shown to have an impact on learning and retention. Despite its potential advantages, the spacing effect has seldom been applied to organized education training or complex motor skill learning where it has the potential to make a significant impact. The purpose of this study was to determine if a resuscitation course taught in a spaced format compared to the usual massed instruction results in improved retention of procedural skills. Methods: EMS providers (Paramedics and Emergency Medical Technicians (EMT)) were block randomized to receive a Pediatric Advanced Life Support (PALS) course in either a spaced format (four 210-minute weekly sessions) or a massed format (two sequential 7-hour days). Blinded observers used expert-developed 4-point global rating scales to assess video recordings of each learner performing various resuscitation skills before, after and 3-months following course completion. Primary outcomes were performance on infant bag-valve-mask ventilation (BVMV), intraosseous (IO) insertion, infant intubation, infant and adult chest compressions. Results: Forty-eight of 50 participants completed the study protocol (26 spaced and 22 massed). There was no significant difference between the two groups on testing before and immediately after the course. 3-months following course completion participants in the spaced cohort scored higher overall for BVMV (2.2 ± 0.13 versus 1.8 ± 0.14, p = 0.012) without statistically significant difference in scores for IO insertion (3.0 ± 0.13 versus 2.7 ± 0.13, p = 0.052), intubation (2.7 ± 0.13 versus 2.5 ...