A new microaerophilic, spirally curved, rod-shaped bacterium was isolated from the gastric mucosa of a pigtailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina). The gram-negative cells of this bacterium are oxidase, catalase, and urease positive and strongly resemble Helicobacter pylon' (Campylobacter pylon) cells. Like H. pylon', this organism does not metabolize glucose, does not reduce nitrate or produce indole, does not produce H,S from triple sugar iron agar, does not hydrolyze hippurate or esculin, and does not grow in the presence of 1% glycine, 1.5% salt, or 1% bile. Also like H. pylon', it is resistant to nalidixic acid and susceptible to cephalothin. However, unlike H. pylori, the colorless colonies are flat and have irregular edges. This organism has a unique cellular fatty acid composition, forming a new gas-liquid chromatography group, group K, and a distinctive DNA content (24 mol% guanine plus cytosine). It exhibits less than 10% DNA-DNA homology (as determined by the nylon filter blot method at 65°C) with other members of the genus Helicobacter. Although the levels of DNA relatedness between previously described Helicobacter species and the new organism are low (less than 10%) and the difference in guanine-plus-cytosine content is large (24 versus 36 to 41 mol%), the genus Helicobacter is the only genus in which it is logical to include the organism at this time. We propose that our single strain represents a new species, Helicobacter nemestn'nae, and we designate strain T81213-NTB (= ATCC 49396) as the type strain.Gastric spiral organisms belonging to the genus Campylobacter have been described in human and nonhuman primates (4, 5 , 16, 23, 24, 28, 31, 37) and in ferrets (8, 10, 11). In humans these organisms have been known as Campylobacter pylori, but RNA sequencing studies have shown clearly that they do not belong to the genus Campylobacter (19,29,32,35). Thompson et al. (35) suggested that C. pylori is closely related to Wolinella succinogenes. However, Goodwin et al. described sufficient phenotypic differences between these organisms to support transfer of C. pylori to a separate genus, and so C. pylori was renamed Helicobacter pylori and the ferret organism Campylobacter mustelae was renamed Helicobacter mustelae (13). These gram-negative bacilli colonize the mucus layer on the gastric epithelium. H. pylori has been associated with subclinical chronic gastritis in monkeys and with chronic nonautoimmune type B gastritis and possibly peptic ulcers in humans (1,4,6,7,14,17,24,27,30,37).A distinct Helicobacter species was removed from the gastric mucosa of a Macaca nemestrina male. The distinguishing features of this organism include the ability to grow at 42"C, a unique cellular fatty acid composition, and a distinctive DNA guanine-plus-cytosine (G + C) content (24 mol%), as well as less than 10% homology with H. pylori or H. mustelae (12,16). Colonization of the gastric mucosa by this organism was not associated with morbidity, mortality, or pathology in the monkey. We describe this new organism and propose...
The name Campylobacter pylori subsp. mustelae was recently proposed for strains belonging to the genus Campylobacter that were isolated from the gastric mucosa of ferrets because of the high levels of deoxyribonucleic acid relatedness (85 to 100%) of these strains to the type strain of Campylobacter pylori. Subsequent deoxyribonucleic acid relatedness studies done independently in three laboratories by three different methods indicate that the original results were in error. Strains isolated from ferrets in the United States, England, and Australia are members of a single species that is substantially different from C. pylori (10 to 20% relatedness at 50°C and 3 to 10% relatedness at 65°C as determined by the hydroxyapatite method; less than 10% relatedness at 65°C as determined by the nylon membrane blot method; and 30 to 49% relatedness at 66 to 68°C as determined by the spectrophotometric method). The strains isolated from ferrets also differ from human C. pylori strains in their ability to reduce nitrates, their negative leucine arylamidase reaction, their susceptibility to nalidixic acid, and their resistance to cephalothin. The strains from ferrets possess both polar and lateral flagella, whereas only polar flagella have been demonstrated in human C. pylori strains. Thus, the strains isolated from ferrets are members of a species that is distinct from C . pylori, and we propose elevating C. pylori subsp. mustelae to species status as Campylobacter mustelae sp. nov.
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