Water regimes play a central role in regulating methane (CH 4 ) and nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emissions from irrigated rice field. Alternate wetting and drying (AWD) is a possible option, but there is limited information on its feasibility under local environmental conditions, especially for tropical region. We therefore carried out a 3-year experiment in a paddy field in Central Java, Indonesia to investigate the feasibility of AWD in terms of rice productivity, greenhouse gas (GHG) emission, and water use both in wet and dry seasons (WS and DS). The treatments of water management were (1) continuous flooding (CF), (2) flooding every when surface water level naturally declines to 15 cm below the soil surface (AWD), and (3) site-specific AWD with different criteria of soil drying (AWDS) established to find out the optimum for GHG emission reduction. Gas flux measurement was conducted by a static closed chamber method. Rice growth was generally normal and the grain yield did not significantly differ among the three treatments both in WS and DS. AWD and AWDS significantly reduced the total water use (irrigation + rainfall) as compared to CF. As expected, the seasonal total CH 4 emission was significantly reduced by AWD and AWDS. On average, the CH 4 emissions under AWD and AWDS were 35 and 38%, respectively, smaller than those under CF. It should be noted that AWD and AWDS were effective even in WS due partly to the field location on inland, upland area that facilitates the drainage. The seasonal total N 2 O emission did not significantly differ among the treatments. The results indicate that AWD is a promising option to reduce GHG emission, as well as water use without sacrificing rice productivity in this field.
ARTICLE HISTORY
ABSTRAK Rendahnya produktivitas tanah gambut disebabkan oleh tingginya kandungan asam organik dan kemasaman tanah. Pemberian amelioran pupuk kandang ayam dapat meningkatkan produktivitas tanah gambut dan mempengaruhi dinamika emisi CO 2. Kegiatan penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian pupuk kandang ayam pada tanah gambut yang berasal dari penggunaan lahan yang berbeda terhadap emisi CO 2. Penelitian dilakukan ex situ di Laboratorium Gas Rumah Kaca di Balai Penelitian Lingkungan Pertanian. Metode yang digunakan eksperimental dengan menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) faktorial, diulang 3 kali. Faktor pertama tanah gambut yang berasal dari penggunaan lahan yang berbeda yaitu tanaman karet semak (L1), karet dengan tanaman sela nanas (L2) dan semak belukar (L3). Faktor kedua dosis amelioran pupuk kandang ayam yaitu 0 t ha-1 (A1) sebagai kontrol dan 4 t ha-1 (A2). Variabel yang diamati adalah fluks CO 2 , sifat kimia tanah gambut dan kemasaman tanah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pemberian amelioran pupuk kandang ayam pada penggunan lahan gambut yang berbeda tidak memberikan pengaruh nyata terhadap emisi CO 2. Penggunaan tanah gambut yang berasal dari penggunaan lahan karet dengan tanaman sela nanas tanpa pemberian amelioran pupuk kandang ayam memberikan pengaruh nyata dalam menurunkan emisi CO 2 dengan rata-rata terendah yaitu 1803 kg ha-1 th-1 .
Rice production has been challenged by increasing food demand and water scarcity. Alternate wetting and drying (AWD) irrigation is a water-saving irrigation technique for paddy fields. The aim of this research was to determine the effects of rice cultivars on the net greenhouse gas emission under continuous flooding (CF) and AWD irrigations in paddy field. This experiment used randomized complete block design with combination of the water management systems and rice cultivars. There were two water management systems, namely (1) CF and (2) AWD irrigations and three rice cultivars, namely (1) Ciherang, (2) Inpari 32, and (3) Mekongga. The results showed that the AWD irrigation decreased global warming potential by 51%, 40% and 19% when combined Ciherang, Inpari 32 and Mekongga, respectively, compared to CF. The combination of AWD irrigation and Inpari 32 rice cultivar resulted the highest net GHG balance among all treatments approximately 7.9 t ha−1 and also showed the highest profit around IDR 18.3 million ha−1. This study clearly suggested the possibility of reducing GHG emission from the paddy field through appropriate selection of water management and rice cultivars to achieve a technically and economically feasible as a mitigation option.
Rice cultivation in flooded conditions is one of the methane emission sources. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of water management and farmyard manure application on grain yield, CH4 emissions, and water use efficiency. This study was conducted at the Indonesian Agricultural Environment Research Institute, Pati Central Java from November 2019 to March 2020. The treatments consisted of two factors, a) water management, namely 1) continuous flooding, at 5 cm (CF) and 2) Alternate Wetting-Drying, at 15 cm (AWD) system; and b) farmyard manure namely 1) farmyard manure application 2) without farmyard manure. The observed parameters were rainfall and air temperature, CH4 emissions, water level and milled dry grain. The measurement of CH4 gas emissions was conducted using a closed chamber method. The result of this study indicated that AWD management could increase grain yield by 3.3-8.5% and also reduce CH4 emissions by 12-14% compared to continuous flooding. AWD combined with organic fertilizer application produced the highest grain 7.27 tons ha-1 and emitted the lowest CH4. The AWD management also saved 32-38% of water compared to the continuous flooding.
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