Publishers, Inc., 1994], 89-112) recants this position, contending that the idea of presidential popular authority is consistent with the Founding view of the Constitution. * The category "Liberal Elite" includes academia, representatives of interest groups for the poor and minorities, experts, and the liberal establishment.
This article first addresses the historical development of presidential rhetoric, with a particular focus on Jeffrey Tulis' agenda-setting study of the rhetorical presidency. It then turns to a consideration of the impact of presidential rhetoric on American politics, reviewing both quantitative political science studies and more interpretative works by political communications scholars. It finally reports the directions for further work that will capitalize on the promise of new data sources to address substantively important questions. In the end, although earlier critiques of the field of presidential rhetoric for the absence of systematic evidence gathering and hypothesis testing were largely on target, the study of presidential rhetoric has made substantial progress in recent years.
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