Spices purchased by the Army, Navy, Marines, and Air Force were tested for incidence and levels of Bacillus cereus. One hundred and ten processed spices, including bay leaves, red pepper, chili powder, cinnamon, garlic powder, mustard powder, and oregano were tested. Bacillus cereus was found in 53% of the spices and counts ranged from 50 to 8500 per gram. Eighty-nine percent (88/99) of the isolates tested were toxigenic in rabbits, by the vascular permeability assay, and toxigenic B. cereus was found in each kind of spice. These data have significant implications for food safety and sanitation and for fumigation of spices by gas, or irradiation.
This article concerns work on strategies and procedures conducted by the Genevan school that remain largely unknown in the United States. Cellérier’s synthesis of Piaget’s structuralism and American functionalism is employed as a framework for classifying studies on how problems are understood, how goal-means structures are established, how control functions, and how affective factors come into play. Piagetian psychology and American cognitive science require one another if we are to have a complete theory of mind.
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