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• Perfusion CT has the potential of providing in vivo information about tumour vasculature. • CT depicts early and specific perfusion changes in NSCLC under anti-angiogenic drugs. • Specific therapeutic effects of anti-angiogenic drugs can be detected before tumour shrinkage. • Early perfusion changes can help predict therapeutic response to anti-angiogenic treatment. • Perfusion CT could be a non-invasive tool to monitor anti-angiogenic treatment.

Background: Tracheobronchomalacia, defined as variable collapse of the airways, has

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We conclude that "V-shaped" appearance only means that the transverse AA and DA run together on the same side of the thorax (trachea) and "U-shaped" appearance is always the sign of a CVR. Among CVR, RAA/LPDA/MI is more frequent than previously described. Finally, "RAA forming CVR" is usually not associated with complex CHD, as opposed to "RAA not forming CVR". This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

ObjectiveImaging represents an important noninvasive means to assess cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease, which remains the main cause of morbidity and mortality in CF patients. While the development of new imaging techniques has revolutionised clinical practice, advances have posed diagnostic and monitoring challenges. The authors aim to summarise these challenges and make evidence-based recommendations regarding imaging assessment for both clinicians and radiologists.Study designA committee of 21 experts in CF from the 10 largest specialist centres in Italy was convened, including a radiologist and a pulmonologist from each centre, with the overall aim of developing clear and actionable recommendations for lung imaging in CF. An a priori threshold of at least 80% of the votes was required for acceptance of each statement of recommendation.ResultsAfter a systematic review of the relevant literature, the committee convened to evaluate 167 articles. Following five RAND conferences, consensus statements were developed by an executive subcommittee. The entire consensus committee voted and approved 28 main statements.ConclusionsThere is a need for international guidelines regarding the appropriate timing and selection of imaging modality for patients with CF lung disease; timing and selection depends upon the clinical scenario, the patient's age, lung function and type of treatment. Despite its ubiquity, the use of the chest radiograph remains controversial. Both computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging should be routinely used to monitor CF lung disease. Future studies should focus on imaging protocol harmonisation both for computed tomography and for magnetic resonance imaging. The introduction of artificial intelligence imaging analysis may further revolutionise clinical practice by providing fast and reliable quantitative outcomes to assess disease status. To date, there is no evidence supporting the use of lung ultrasound to monitor CF lung disease.

Computed tomography (CT) has a well-established diagnostic role in the assessment of coronary arteries in adults. However, its application in a pediatric setting is still limited and often impaired by several technical issues, such as high heart rates, poor patient cooperation, and radiation dose exposure. Nonetheless, CT is becoming crucial in the non-invasive approach of children affected by coronary abnormalities and congenital heart disease. In some circumstances, CT might be preferred to other noninvasive techniques such as echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging for its lack of acoustic window influence, shorter acquisition time, and high spatial resolution. The introduction of dual source computed tomography (DSCT) has expanded the role of CT in the evaluation of pediatric cardiovascular anatomy and pathology. Furthermore, technical advances in the optimization of low-dose protocols represent an attractive innovation. DSCT can play a key role in several clinical settings in children, namely in the evaluation of patients with suspected congenital coronary artery anomalies, both isolated and in association with congenital heart disease. Moreover, it is able to assess acquired coronary artery abnormalities, as in patients with Kawasaki disease and after surgical manipulation, especially in case of transposition of the great arteries treated with arterial switch operation and in case of coronary reimplantation.

Depending on the objective of the protocol, the mean DLP varied from 97.12 to 404.3 mGycm.