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Abstract. This paper presents a review of the state of the art for fault location methods in transmission lines based on travelling waves. The motivations that led to these methods are explained historically. Also, a critical analysis, showing the advantages and disadvantages of each of them and their most common applications, is performed. Finally, a comparative analysis between two of the most widely used methods is carried out using real faults, in order to show the results' sensitivity to changes in the line parameters.

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This paper reports the method used to validate a spatial load forecasting model based on Fuzzy Inference Systems (FIS) and implemented in a Geographical Information System. The validation process not only confirms the adequacy of the rule base but is necessary to define confidence intervals to the predicted spatial demand.