Abstract. The present study, based on a comparative analysis of several plans for Lisbon's Baixa district, with an emphasis on that area's public space, contributes to an understanding of the urban design process and presents a fresh perspective on dealing with historical data by conducting a posteriori analysis using mathematical tools to uncover relations in the historical data. The nine plans used were quantified and evaluated in a comparative manner. While CAD was used to quantify the urban morphology of the different plans, comparative tables make it possible to register the data, which was further evaluated through two interrelated processes: mathematical analysis and the urban analysis. The results show the existence of power law relations for the areas of each of the city's different elements (e.g., blocks, churches, largos and adros). We discuss how this contributes to the understanding of the plans' elements.
This article reveals the opportunity to include methods of visual characterization in analysis of urban metabolism, particularly for metropolitan areas. The article exhibits the application of a model of visual characterization as implemented in the territory that corresponds to the present Lisbon Metropolitan Area (AML). The analysis has focused its study cases on the most important settlements of this territory, in 1900. This paper identifies the relationships between water supply, sanitation and hygiene and the territory morphology, through the confrontation of historical surveys and cartography. An analysis of water use (from the surveys) and of the settlements morphology (from the cartography) was developed. This study evidences the existence of a complex mosaic of different landscapes that do testify distinct practices of water management, as used in 1900. The results confirm the feasibility of articulating different documentary sources for the benefit of the visual characterization method, in terms of indicators needed for the visualization of the urban metabolism, and therefore contribute to the contextualization of its future accounting.
Streets-in-the-sky were conceptualized by architects Alison and Peter Smithson as collective space, an articulation between individual and civitas. This essay argues that streets-in-the-sky are a particularly democratic type of urban element, which also has many positive sustainability potentials. The first use of this concept was in the Smithson's unbuilt Golden Lane estate (1952), which became a hallmark in post-WW2 debates over urban structure, domesticity, and social housing. Park Hill, the first streets-in-the-sky estate by Jack Lynn and Ivor Smith, was a success in the 1960s. The Smithsons continued to explore the idea in several urban projects, only to put it to built form in Robin Hood Gardens (1968-1972). These estates have adapted streets-in-the-sky and afterward evolved to very different states of maturity. While Park Hill is a refurbished Grade II listed building, Robin Hood Gardens is awaiting full demolition. Streets-in-the-sky were generally abandoned in more recent housing schemes, but the situation of these estates suggests that no consensus exists as to their urban value. Here, we analyze streets-in-the-sky at the time of their emergence as a concept. To assess their cultural, morphological, social, and political implications, we explore their development in built and unbuilt housing schemes, using the abovementioned case-studies to point out how streets-in-the-sky evolved, including their possible role in important urban debates of the present. Since many social housing estates employing streets-in-the-sky have been and continue to be demolished in redevelopment projects, we aim to understand what lossesaesthetic, functional, and environmental-may be implied in the decimation of this element of urban form.
This article describes the planning activity in Portugal in the middle of the twentieth century, notably the work of two exceptional planners, Etienne de Groër and Antão Almeida Garrett. The article moves from a first overview on the national context, to a focus on the two largest cities of Portugal, Lisbon, and Oporto. It was there that these two planners developed their most successful planning proposals. The planning activity of de Groër and Garrett is presented, first taken in isolation and then on a comparative basis. Issues addressed include the urban structure and the organization of the city, the street layout, and the system of zoning. It is argued that de Groër municipal plan for Lisbon and Garrett municipal plan for Oporto were able to leave a profound and lasting impact on these cities, being the most influential planning documents of the twentieth century in Lisbon and in Oporto.
This paper introduces the debate of sustainable development from a fresh perspective. Through a comparative analysis provided by a number of case studies within the Lisbon Territory, in Portugal, this paper aims to demonstrate how the impact of subterranean and surface water management has determined specific territorial arrangements, urban morphological parameters and urban design solutions within the territory of Lisbon. It is argued that the acknowledgement of such territorial arrangements should provide important lessons that need to be recuperated by the discipline of urban planning in order to contribute to an effective Sustainable Urban Agenda. The specific goal of this article is to contribute to the building of a methodological framework that informs on how to intervene on the urban periphery, while integrating the city and territory; and also, how to make this integration work effectively for mankind and the environment. The sustainability perception that supports this consideration is built upon a vision that professes a non-pollutant urban system; that should result from the transformation of the current productive system, based on a systematic production of residues, into a new productive relationship with the territory.
This section provides an Illustrated Glossary of the main elements, Carta dos Arredores de Lisboa trees, vegetable garden, salt basins, olive groves, pine forests, ploughed lands, To complete the analysis of the legends found on the maps, it was necessary to develop a visual terminology glossary produced with the aid of by the militaries that prepared these maps. The researched literature took into account the lexicographical importance of the words used according to Portuguese history.
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