In a situation where only one in three companies in the world is founded and run by women, there is a need to look for determinants, as well as for ways of solving specific problems. The aim of the article is to define the characteristics of female entrepreneurship and its role in creating and developing enterprises, in juxtaposition with male entrepreneurship. The article presents the results of the authors’ own research on selected problems of female entrepreneurship in Poland. They are based on surveys conducted among 200 people: female and male university students and identify the main problems of female entrepreneurship.
individual companies are coordinated in a pragmatic and productive manner. Entrepreneurship may be considered in two respects: (1) processes-activities aimed at forming and building a new company in certain conditions, with a view to generating profits, or (2) a set of traits and personalities-describing a particular human behaviour and action focused on innovation, ability to accept changes, spot opportunities, and take risks. Regardless of the multitude of definitions in the related literature, there is no doubt that in most cases the combination of these two economic and social components determines possible business success. Poles more and more frequently perceive the opportunities offered through the establishment of own business. Up to 63% of the public at large holds this view, placing Poland at the forefront among the European Union countries in this regard. The article attempts to examine the socioeconomic determinants of respondents which affect Poles' willingness to set up their own businesses.
Introduction Clinical data has indicated that Arthroscopic Matrix-based Meniscus Repair (AMMR) offers a means to preserve the meniscus in patients who would otherwise be scheduled for meniscectomy, although AMMR has significant upfront costs. Aim The objective of this study was to estimate the cost-effectiveness of AMMR in Poland in both the National Health Service (PNHS) and from the perspective of private patients (PP). Material and methods A Markov health-state model was developed to evaluate the cost-utility analysis of AMMR compared to meniscectomy (ME) for patients with a complex meniscus tear, using a 10-years horizon, modelling a cohort of 1000 patients. Initial probabilities and clinical course were simulated based on previously published data. A literature review identified different clinical outcome probabilities and health-related utility scores associated with each health state. Cost-effectiveness was presented as an indicator of Incremental Cost-Utility Ratio (ICUR). Costs were taken from published sources for the perspective of PNHS and from a private clinic offers for the perspective of PP. Results In the 10-year horizon, AMMR was associated with an increase in discounted qualityadjusted life-years (QALYs) to 7 778.25 compared to 7 454.33 for ME. In both perspectives, (PNHS and PP) the ICUR cost is smaller than willingness to pay (WTP) parameter (PNHSICUR = 34.212.92 versus PP-ICUR = 29.897.36). Conclusions: Despite the increase in costs, the procedure is cost-effective at standard thresholds used in Poland for analyzed perspectives. Keywords: knee; meniscus; collagen matrix; cost-effectiveness; economic analysis; Markov model
SMEs sector plays a vital role in modern economies. Therefore, the interest in its functioning among economists is in fact quite natural. This article is a part of a current research on regional factors contributing to the development of enterprises in this category. The first section examines earlier studies in this field conducted globally and in Poland. According to them, many elements enable the SME's development. It is not surprisingly that the specified set of pro-growth factors does not exists. Next section describes the results of the author's own studies in the fields. These studies relate to regional factors contributing to the efficiency growth of micro, small and medium-sized enterprises in Poland. Data used in the study was collected from GUS [1] and EUROSTAT and encompassed 16 provinces for the years 2003-2008. The model prepared included 11 independent variables on labor force, social mobility, living standard and R&D policy. The authors would have gladly considered more than 11 explanatory variable, but the inaccessibility of such data made it impossible. In the next step, using GRETL software, equations of regression were defined. On this basis it was concluded that the most important factors contributing to efficiency growth of SMEs are the amount of spending on R&D and the level of wages.
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